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- Convenor:
-
Anjali Kurane
(Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune))
Send message to Convenor
- Track:
- Being Human
- Location:
- University Place 2.219/2.220
- Sessions:
- Wednesday 7 August, -, -, Thursday 8 August, -
Time zone: Europe/London
Short Abstract:
Development is a human centred process. It is multidimensional, value laden concept, total, qualitative, quantitative in nature that entails social, economic, political, material, legal, administrative, psychological, cultural values on which the full development of human in the society depends.
Long Abstract:
Development is a human centred process. It is multidimensional, value laden concept, total, and both qualitative and quantitative in nature that entails social, economic, political, material, legal, administrative, psychological and cultural values on which the full development of human behaviour and self-respect of man in the society depends.
Anjali Kurane (2005) says "development means increase in material wealth through productivity, increase in social well-being through education, health, improvement in social content of the human life, community feeling, music, art, safety, freedom, opportunity, sense of participation in local, regional and national affairs, depending on the individual interest and preferences". In (2009) she says "Development means growth of human capabilities and freedom and meaningful participation in each and every aspect of life".
Edelman and Haugerud (2005) Development is an urgent global challenge and a vibrant theoretical field; the development questions lie at the discipline's theoretical and ethnographic core.
India is harbours multiple tribal groups, constitute about eight per cent of the country's population. Social exclusion has caused the backwardness among the communities.
Constitution of India has enshrined several protective measures for development of the tribes and has attempted to foster their social and economic development. But the expected level of development has not reached and failed to narrow the gap between the tribal and the rest of the population.
Tribal development poses a challenge to the policy makers, administrators, social workers. There must be something wrong either with the direction of achieving development, functioning of development programs, or with the tribal people themselves. This panel will explore these different perspectives.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Wednesday 7 August, 2013, -Paper short abstract:
Development is suppression of traditional sector and concentration on modern sector. Long-term development is through: Traditional, Transitional, Take-off, drives to maturity, and high mass consumption. An attempt is made to study Andre Gunder Frank’s dependency theory and economy of Chain caste.
Paper long abstract:
The Chains, a little-known community of West Bengal, belong to the scheduled caste category. The community is concentrated in Maldah, Murshidabad, Nadia and Dinajpur and also in some adjoining areas of Jharkhand and Bihar.
Development is a human-centered process, reflecting socio-political, economic and cultural values, the fulcrum on which the growth of humans in a society depends. The paper aims to make a formulative advance with existential conditions of this particular community. My focus, of course, will be to shed light on the structural heterogeneity of culture that undermines development. The socio-cultural constitution of the Chain caste with the nature of interaction forms and psycho-social interaction forms will remain a part of my endeavor, highlighting on the semiotic aspects of shared relations and culture willing to go for change for development. What is the validation of development of dualism in the Chain society? Economic, technological and regional dualism is the consequences of social dualism. In some sections of the Chain society we find a conscious suppression of the traditional elements and concentrations on "modern." Revisiting Rostow, has the Chain society all the pre-requisites of the 'take-off stage' with a drive towards maturity?
The five basic paradigms for the development of the underdevelopment of the Chains are: economic growth, employment, social justice to reduce inequality, participation as political involvement and social sharing and independence as freedom from external domination. Can Andre Gunder Frank's views of dependency theory on world system be condensed with different visions to this particular society?
Paper short abstract:
SHORT ABSTRACT: Infant mortality studied in a depressed class Ladiya of central India in terms of socio-economic development and women's autonomy. Ladiya mothers with high level of autonomy experienced low incidence of infant deaths and with low autonomy high incidence of infant deaths.
Paper long abstract:
Infant mortality is considered as a marker of socio-economic development of a nation. The Ladiya, an offshoot of a scheduled caste of Central India has been studied. Rate of infant mortality indicates a very high level (110 per 1000 live births) among them. Living condition of the studied population is deplorable, characterized with marked poverty, lack of sewage and housing which consisted mostly of one or two living rooms per household. A high per cent of the womenfolk among them are illiterate (71.57). The mothers in the present study are found to opt for frequent child bearing in order to make up the loss, despite the consequent risk of their health as well as survival.
Ladiya mothers who enjoyed high level of autonomy in family decision-making experienced relatively low incidence of infant deaths (14.2%). Incidence of infant deaths is highest (29.8%) among the respondents who have negligible importance in the process of family-decision making. However, slight improvement (moderate level of autonomy) in women's position is found to have considerable effect in declining the incidence of infant deaths. Thus it infer that efforts to be made to improve Ladiya women's level of educational attainment and raising their active participation in economic activities for better employment. This, in turn, will help them to have more autonomy in decision making to overcome the high infant mortality rate, which determines life expectancy of children surviving and hence birth rate as well as natural growth rate of population too.
Paper short abstract:
The new and advanced telecommunications technologies are integral part of our society. The study reveals the socio-economic impact of telecommunication services on urban and rural community of Maharashtra.
Paper long abstract:
The total 200 sample sizes were considered randomly, all they were the telephone and mobile phone users. The questionnaires which contain the 24 closed ended questions related to socio-economic aspects. All of the users derive better benefits of telecommunication services although it incorporates some harmful aspects. This paper explores telecommunication services and shows its socio-economic impacts on people in Maharashtra.
The study confirmed that there is a positive correlation between telecommunication and quality of life indicators. It has been found that telecommunication contribute significantly towards enhancing income, employment, and entrepreneurship and economic opportunities and improving quality of life especially in rural areas. As wireless technologies required much lowered cost to roll out over large areas than fixed line systems, mobile can potentially play vital role in socio-economic development. telecommunication technology provide affordable communication services which can solve so many problem of society and every individuals and countries every individual respondents is highlighted saving in travel cost and time also physical exertion and made daily life easier due to telecommunication services. it was found that , telecommunication also help in improving transport services, business efficiency, efficiency of taxi services, financial services, healthcare services.
To businesses telecommunication networks used as the life line. This telecommunication network can be used to create economic opportunities strengthen social ties between migrant workers and their families. Telecommunication is essentially for socio-economic development, education, healthcare, knowledge, transportation, safety and security, physical disabled people, emergency and nation building.
Paper short abstract:
Human societies, of present and past, and living anywhere in the world form the integral part of anthropological subject matter. This research strategy for human welfare focuses primarily on the welfare of Indian tribes
Paper long abstract:
With the dawn of independence, tribes in India have received special attention. Various planned efforts have been made for development of Scheduled tribes like demarcation of administrative units like Tribal blocks, Integrated Tribal Development Projects and the like. What is that even after you have educated the tribals, they do not want to mix with you? Though we are spending hundred crores, how is it that these people do not want to integrate? What is wrong?
The need of the hour is to adopt a scientific strategy for tribal and rural development in India. Human Materialism is the latest strategy in Anthropology propounded by Paul Magnarella of Florida University in 1994.This strategy suggests that infrastructure is the cause of structure and superstructure. One of the most important aspects of this model is human psychobiological factors which means for any analysis of humans their psychology has to be taken into consideration. Human Materialism is a systematic paradigm designed to bridge the gap between scientific and humanistic approaches to understand human behavior, culture and society.
The paper I have prepared is examining Human Materialism in a Munda village under Khunti subdivision of Ranchi district of Jharkhand (India). It explores how the development of mundas(tribe) can be brought about without much disorganization.
Dr.Malini Srivastava
Freelancer,
London,UK
Paper short abstract:
Social Exclusion in India has its roots in historical divisions along lines of caste, tribe, women and exclude, discriminate, isolate them and perpetuate inequality. These inequalities are structural in nature & culturally rooted. The study focuses on Social Exclusion and Poverty among Korkus.
Paper long abstract:
Social exclusion is the outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live. Hann (1994, 2004) social exclusion can usefully be defined as "the process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society within which they live". Mayara Buvinic (2005) Social exclusion is the denial of equal opportunities imposed by certain groups of society up on others which leads to inability of an individual to participate in the basic political, economic and social functioning of the society.
Social exclusion concept helps us in understanding the nature and causes of deprivation. There is general agreement on the key features of social exclusion, that it relates to poverty and inequality.
In today's scenario, developmental studies are necessary to explore the subject of social exclusion. Social Exclusion in India has its roots in India's historical divisions along lines of caste, tribe, and women and till today exclusion revolves around caste, tribe, women and exclude, discriminate, isolate, deprive them and perpetuate inequality. These inequalities are more structural in nature and culturally rooted.
The Korkus are one of the oldest aboriginals in India. They are socially excluded and suffer from poverty, socioeconomic backwardness, displacement, child deaths and malnutrition. All these contributing towards the Extinction of Korkus.
The present study focuses on the concept of Social Exclusion and poverty through understanding social-cultural and economic aspects of Korkus from the Anthropological perspective.
Paper short abstract:
The present study deals with the changes in occupation of Baseri tribe in Iran due to urbanization which is essentially based on comparative approach of social-cultural anthropology and development. Comparison is made to analyze the changes in traditional occupation during migration among Baseri.
Paper long abstract:
The present study deals with the changes in occupation of Baseri tribe in Iran as an impact of urbanization. This work includes a thick description about Baseri's occupation in traditional and city life followed by critically analyzing changes in occupation pattern among them as a consequence of urbanization and modernization. The economic structure of the Baseri tribe is generally based on pastoralist agriculture. The pastoral economy of the Baseri depends on the utilization of extensive pastures and the Baseri invest labor in anything else than the care of animals to satisfy the immediate needs for comfort of the household members. It requires organized and systematic division of labor within the tribe.
This study is essentially based on comparative approach of social-cultural anthropology and development. Comparison is made to analyze the changes in traditional occupation during migration among Baseri in rural and urban settings. The primary data were collected through direct interview of 400 Baseri households in Marvdasht city of Iran.
The findings of research show the impact of urbanization on Baseris occupation in urban life, and changes in nature of occupation of Baseri tribe. Today due to urbanization, development and adoption of modern life style the base of economy is changing.
Paper short abstract:
How do development interventions continue to sustain despite the fact that they tend to fail to produce intended consequences? The paper argues that development interventions justify their continuance by producing "underdevelopment" of various kinds.
Paper long abstract:
Why do "development" interventions fail to produce intended consequences? The conventional analysis overlooks a potentially more useful analysis of whether the development interventions themselves are based on false assumptions. Building on the insights of Ferguson's "anti-politics machine", the paper identifies the roots of the false assumptions as a lingering of the Weberian tradition of ideal type state. Joel Migdal's challenge to the ideal type state helps to understand the existing fragments of power brokers in a society that guide social control and political power. Based on these theories, the paper provides an adequate understanding of how development works by exploring the politics of hunger deaths in Kashipur, Odisha (India). It shows that development interventions failed to address the issue of hunger deaths in Kashipur not because there were drought in the area, lack of development interventions or failure of institutional support mechanisms but because of the power play of the local elites who controlled the food as well as apathy of the state to address the root causes of hunger deaths. By attributing hunger deaths to "drought", "food poison", or "cholera", attention has been diverted from the fact that severe food shortage is a chronic problem in Kashipur. The development interventions mostly in the form of "relief measures" have ensured disempowerment and vulnerability of the tribals and reinstated the simulation that land in Kashipur is infertile to produce enough for the tribals to sustain. Therefore, the paper argues that development interventions justify their continuance by producing "underdevelopment" of various kinds.
Paper short abstract:
PESA is an Act of the Central government to ensure tribal development in the Tribal areas of Central India. Madhya Pradesh happens to be the first state to ratify it and augur tribal development. But the results were not as forthcoming as expected. The paper tries to examine the factors behind it.
Paper long abstract:
The Indian government had tried to bring about a decentralized system of governance in all the rural areas through the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution.
But since the tribals have a weaker social base, the Act was modified to benefit them particularly in the Vth Schedule areas where they are more concentrated. The tribal areas in the North East which are mostly covered by the VIth Schedule were left out of it's ambit. A field study conducted by the author very recently in the Vth Schedule areas of Madhya Pradesh revealed that the government efforts have not brought about any significant change to the life situation of the tribals there. Still now seasonal out migration during agriculturally lean seasons is tremendous. Besides the right to self-determination has not been ensured and the problems of Naxalism and Maoism along with armed militancy continues unabated. This paper tries to unfurl the field realities.
Paper short abstract:
The study reveals that, to some extent, women-empowering development projects build on traditional gender norms in rural Bangladesh. It is recommended that the development projects should create a mechanism where people may have a chance to re-think the importance of women's roles and rights.
Paper long abstract:
Women's participation in socioeconomic development projects is often regarded as essential for their wellbeing and empowerment. However, previous studies indicate that women's participation in the development projects may increase their workload and family conflict in the context of patriarchal social structure in rural Bangladesh. This study explores the gendered characteristics of the design and practice of mothers' clubs - a women-focused development project implemented for poverty reduction, family health, and women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh.
Fieldwork was conducted in three sub-district set-ups in northwest Bangladesh.
The mothers' club project has given more importance on the use of women's labour for household poverty reduction rather than their empowerment and wellbeing. Social workers believe that married women and their income should be in control of their husbands. They suggest participant women to obey and take good care of their husbands.
To some extent, women-empowering social development projects build on gendered social norms in rural Bangladesh. It is recommended that the development projects should address patriarchal norms by creating an environment where people may have a chance to re-think the importance of women's socioeconomic roles and rights.
Paper short abstract:
The paper examines the government successes and failures in programs, those are changing Bharias, vulnerable tribe in Madhya Pradesh. Study concludes that partial success of government lies in looking conservation and development as two separate spheres, but conservation is part of development.
Paper long abstract:
The question of development of 'Primitive tribal groups' (PTG) or particularly vulnerable tribal group have posed a serious challenge to government. After pushing hard the idea of economic development in the name of progress and failing to get the desired results, the government initiated a new approach called conservation and development since 2007 to bring about overall development in these communities. Conservation and Development the key words which guide the new approach apparently appears to share an uneasy relationship. As a part of this policy a special five years program called conservation and development (CCD ) plan has been initiated in the PTG.s since 2008 comprising six components, viz., education, health, livelihood, agriculture, irrigation, housing and conservation of culture and traditional knowledge. This paper examines the impact of this program on a PTG community called the Bharias of Madhya Pradesh. Bharias whose total population is less than three thousand, live in a place called Patalkot at a depth of 1600 m in the Chindwarra district of the state. The enclosed environment and self sufficient life style (with all their needs being met from their immediate environment), gave rise to a unique social organization and way of living, very different from the outside world. It created a hiatus between the world view of the Bharias and the outsiders. The administrative efforts jumpstarted a civilization, very different in its ethos and contents, on the path of economic growth and development so as to enable it to integrate with the outside world.
Paper short abstract:
This study indicates that culture, religion, confidence, mutual trust, and social solidarity/ cohesion have an impact upon involvement and participation of people in the development of rural regions. Motivating the community members for involvement, and participation in rural development.
Paper long abstract:
Oakley (1999) observes that co-operation means participation of individuals in an affair, action or certain objective together with and in interaction to other individuals who consider similar purposes. According to Michael Twodaro (1989) 'the necessity of paying attention to rural development in relation to urban development is not because majority of third world population reside in rural regions, but the reason is that the final solution for solving unemployment and population growth problems is optimizing rural environment". The purpose of rural development involves a deep change in social, cultural and economic conditions which is a method for increasing accessible opportunities and facilities for people. The purpose of present study is to investigate cultural, social, religious and economic factors which have an impact upon affecting involvement, participation and co-operation of community in the development of villages of Sar Firoozabad district located in Kermanshah province in Iran. For the present study, qualitative and quantitative methods have been used in combination for data collection. This study indicates that culture, religion, confidence, mutual trust, and social solidarity/ cohesion have an impact upon involvement and participation of people in the development of rural regions. It is observed that mere administrative, technical and factors associated with infra-structure do not have a significant role in motivating the community members for involvement, co-operation and participation in the process of rural development
Paper short abstract:
The Pardhi Community was forced to take up nomadic way of life in search for a livelihood.In this process many of the Pardhi families reached Mumbai.It has been observed that major population of Pardhi community in Mumbai is socially, culturally, as well as spatially in a flux.
Paper long abstract:
Repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act 1952, resulted in closing of Government supervised settlements and cotton mills, attached to these settlements. This forced many de-notified groups into unemployment and extreme poverty. The Pardhi community which had already lost its original habitat- the forests, was forced to take up nomadic way of life- wandering from place to place in search for a livelihood and a base for sustainable economic activity.Those who were stressed due to loss of their livelihood, migrated for survival, to different places in Maharashtra. In this process many of the Pardhi families reached Mumbai.
The basic problems they have faced in Mumbai are related to the survival needs such as finding a sustainable source of livelihood, finding space for living, availability of water, lack of documentary evidence related to identity thereby leading to harassment by different officials. It is unfortunate and pathetic that after getting de-notified about 60 years ago, even today, majority of the people belonging to Pardhi community- have neither a place where they belong to, nor do they have any specific occupation. It has been observed that major population of Pardhi community in Mumbai is socially, culturally, as well as spatially in a flux.
This paper is an attempt to understand the identity crisis of the Pardhi community in Mumbai.
Paper short abstract:
India is emerging in the world affairs in growth and development but all developmental means have awful impacts over the poor people in general and tribal in particular. To explore the growing instability of human security with special focus on tribal people, the study has taken Odisha as a case.
Paper long abstract:
In the contemporary era, India is rising as a great power in terms of its growth and development through industrialization and other means. Indeed, on the one side these developmental means have been growing to enhance our national economy, and on the other side gap between rich and poor is gradually widening as a result of defective economic policies and programmes of the state. In this context, tribal people are mostly sufferers in the diverse ways which destabilize their human security as a matter of serious debate and discussion among the researchers, bureaucrats and policy makers as well as by the common people. To examine impacts of industrialization and other developmental policies and programmes over the tribal people the study has taken Odisha as a case. Although Odisha is abundance of natural resources and also having various industrialization processes, developmental policies and projects with foreign governments and international organizations, still regional imbalance in the different parts of the state is growing year after year which the cause of growing problem like 'Naxalism' in Odisha as a great threat to internal security of India, where tribal people are basically involved. It is in this back drop, there is growing acceptability of naxalism among the poor people in general and the tribal in particular which has further strengthened the naxal movement in the Odisha. The study addresses various causes behind the failure of state to stabilize tribal human security and highlights some effective measures to stop these problems.
Paper short abstract:
The development process adopted in Independent India has not achieved the goal of developing the 'underdeveloped' like the tribals inspite of special treatment to them. The gap between the 'developed' and 'underdeveloped' continues which is focused in this paper critically.
Paper long abstract:
Tribal people at the time of Independence were economically backward and underdeveloped. So one of the avowed commitments of the Government of Independent India has been to bring about the all-round development of tribal and other underdeveloped people and raise their level of development at par with the 'developed' section of the society. Towards the fulfilment of this national goal there are constitutional safeguards, and special provisions in policy measures and plan programmes in the nature of preferential discrimination and affirmative action. Despite these efforts, a cursory observation shows that the underdeveloped, precisely the tribals, have not come at par with the 'developed' section except a few families from among them. The gap that existed at the beginning of the introduction of initiatives for their development still exists after more than 60 years of specific attention to them; and in some cases the gap has widened. The present paper is an attempt to understand the continuity of the gap between the 'developed' and the 'underdeveloped' along the axes of education, livelihood and health with Arunachal Pradesh of Northeast India as case study.
Paper short abstract:
An increased level of urbanization is important for socio-economic development of the people and needs to be encouraged. However, we require more development planning to make it a meaningful one. But urbanization never includes the entire population in its growth.
Paper long abstract:
Denied rights in the Name of Development:
A study in Chennai
Declaration on Right to Development by the general assembly of United Nation on 4th December 1986, states that "Development is an in alienable human rights by virtue of which every human person and all people are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized" (Adil-ul-Yasin, 2004)
An increased level of urbanization is important for socio-economic development of the people and needs to be encouraged. However, we require more development planning to make it a meaningful one. But urbanization never includes the entire population in its growth.
Crisis because of worst economical and agricultural policies made life uncertain. Survival question forces the people to migrate towards urban areas in search of employment.
The urban poor by themselves neither afford to build house or spare the hard earned money for stay. So they make their staying shelters in vulnerable locations like river margins, water logged areas, road margins even if it is unhygienic and also an area prone to flood and accidents.
"Recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions."
S. Lenin Raja
Ph. D Research Scholar
Department of Anthropology
Pondicherry University
lenin.red@gmail.com
Paper short abstract:
In recent decades, more women take university education in large cities, has created new values, transformed marital relations, promote economic, social status of women and their new identity is created. The present study has examined the impact of education on the development of women in Iran
Paper long abstract:
In recent decades, more women take advantage of university education and turning them into economic and social activity, especially in large cities, has created new value in the family. And the transformation of marital relations and promote economic and social status of women and their new identity is created. Values are ideas and notions of what a particular culture as good or bad, have a tendency or desire attention. Values are the foundation of all interactions. And women are half the population and make up half the workforce community. Considering that women as a great power can be a big part of responsibility of tolerance and progress. It is necessary to understand their condition, value, careful planning, creating and promoting opportunities to learn science and technology. It features not only between men and women in technology through the collaboration of these two classes, but was prevailed on the problems of underdevelopment. The development of intellectual development, cultural, political, economic and social development refers to the overall capability and capacity in all aspects of a society lead. Development in all countries to improve the quality of human life and promote the ideals and values are accepted and the role of any factor in developing countries cannot be seen with the human factor. Hence, investment in education and efficient use of their abilities in science- the executive is a social necessity.
Paper short abstract:
'Odisha' in India, which is one of the largest tribal dominating state, off late the state rising economic growth has remained limelight. At the same time it has witnessed wide range of regional and social disparities in development of the underprivileged & marginalized group of KBK & Mayurbhanj.
Paper long abstract:
'Odisha' in India, which is one of the largest tribal dominating state, off late the state rising economic growth has remained limelight in the National Science Congress 2012 meet. The Economic Survey 2010-11 at the state assembly claims that it has achieved 9.57% against the national average of 7.79%, at the same time the state has witnessed wide range of regional and social disparities in development, failing to address economic circumstances of the underprivileged & marginalized group of KBK & Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
Although the state & central Government has introduces immense number of tribal development policies & schemes but in real it has failed to reached the targeted population. The question remains whether there are flaws in the scheme or lack of proper implementation or lack of awareness. The reasons might be many but there are less effective actions taken at the grass root level to curb the crisis.
The Mankedia Primitive Tribal groups of Mayurbhanj are the nomadic tribal groups, the Government in recent time has tried to settle the tribal groups by providing various tribal developmental schemes. The present case study has tried to explore some of the crucial factors of failure of Government schemes & the impact of development on Mankedia's on their transit phase from nomadic to settled life.
Madhulika Sahoo
Senior Research Fellow, Anthropological Survey of India
Former graduate of University of East London
madhulika.sahoo@hotmail.co.uk
Paper short abstract:
There is a growing concern that targeted programmes of both the government and the non-government sectors in Bangladesh have excluded the hardcore poor. With around one quarter of the rural population falling in this category, the NGO agenda has to face a major challenge.
Paper long abstract:
In public perception, the third sector generally stands for all non-profit organizations working for the common good of the people. Along with social welfare activities, interventions in the field of social mobilization and poverty reduction have became the main thrust of these organizations since the 1970s.
There is a growing concern that targeted programmes of both the government and the non-government sectors have excluded the hardcore poor. Even the best performing programmes hardly reach the bottom segment of the population. For example, much of the NGO credit is disbursed to activities with long gestation and is probably used by the "better-off poor". This leaves out the extreme poor. But with around one quarter of the rural population falling in this category, the NGO agenda has to face a major challenge.
The investment potential of the "poor" is negligible or nil. They have neither human capital (education, skill and health) nor physical capital (land, cash and equipment). Investment in the social sectors can substantially generate productive assets for the poor and create conditions under which poor can participate and take advantage of the growth process.
Expenditures in social sectors not only increase public provision of facilities, but also likely to reach the poor. Unfortunately, many NGOs are now shifting their emphasis and resources more and more from social sector programs to seemingly visible activities like micro credit.