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- Convenor:
-
Margarida Vaz do Rego Machado
(University of the Azores)
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- Location:
- Bloco 1, Sala 0.09
- Start time:
- 14 July, 2017 at
Time zone: Europe/Lisbon
- Session slots:
- 2
Short Abstract:
The panel intends to debate the role of tobacco in the integration of the Atlantic economies (from the 17th to the 19th century).
Long Abstract:
The panel intends to debate the role of tobacco in the integration of the Atlantic economies (from the 17th to the 19th century), in the build of international commerce, and its contribution to the tax income of several European countries who had stakes in America, Africa and Asia.
The aim is to analyze monopolies within the institutional framework, their organization, regulation, legal apparatus and administration of justice vis-à-vis offenders and smugglers. Compare the real magnitude of tobacco flows in both metropolises and colonies.
We will approach and clarify the main goals of the colonial tobacco policy, within the scope of a perspective of compared history, to better understand the advantages and inconveniences of a protective or more open system according to the practices of each country. The aim is to understand the change in the formulation of a long tradition of imperial reality (Iberian models) for a new colonial formulation that wants to follow the orientations of the British and French colonial empires.
Another aspect of possible debate will be the changes of the imperial policies, around Tobacco, in face of the national policies emerging in the transition from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century.
Accepted papers:
Session 1Paper short abstract:
Pretendemos en esta intervención valorar si el Sistema de abastecimiento del estanco del tabaco español se modificó después del proceso de independencia de las colonias americanas y del desestanco del tabaco en Cuba.
Paper long abstract:
En España, entre fines del XV y el siglo XVII la planta es cultivada por su belleza ornamental o sus virtudes medicinales sin intervención de los poderes públicos. Desde la creación del estanco del tabaco (1636) hasta comienzos del siglo XIX se cultiva de modo clandestino. La Monarquía española estableció el marco por el cual el abastecimiento era externo, puesto que si se daba libertad para el cultivo en la metrópoli no se podría mantener el estanco o monopolio del tabaco. Las Cortes de Cádiz (1813) y el Trienio Constitucional desafiaron el sistema anterior estableciendo la libertad de cultivo y, en consecuencia el desestanco. Finalmente, durante la etapa de Luis López Ballesteros como secretario de Hacienda todavía con Fernando VII y durante la época de Ministro de Fomento de Javier de Burgos se realizaron ensayos de cultivo en Extremadura, Andalucía, Madrid, Toledo Y Canarias. Sin embargo el resultado no fue romper con el abastecimiento externo porque no se impuso la libertad de cultivo y tampoco tuvieron éxito las distintas propuestas de desestanco. Nuestra tesis es que la independencia de América y el desestanco del tabaco en Cuba (1817) no significaron el final del sistema de abastecimiento externo, si bien cambiaron los procedimientos y los principales abastecedores.
Paper short abstract:
The objective of this work is to analyze the effects of economic activity on a part of Cuban society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Paper long abstract:
The objective of this work is to analyze the effects of economic activity on a part of Cuban society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Being tobacco the main exporting product of the Island during the 18th, its commercialization allowed to accumulate wealth to those who participated in this business. The Royal Company of Havana founded in 1740, and some of its shareholders could benefit from its commercialization until 1760, in addition to include other products. Enriched in the 18th century, generally Creole 2nd and 3rd generation, secured their fortune acquiring real estate, and even haciendas azucareras at the end of the century. During the nineteenth century, sugar was the main product of Cuba. Its effects changed the economic panorama of the Island and forced to incorporate new labor (African, Yucatecan or coolies). Some newcomers from the metropolis managed to accumulate great fortunes. The internationalization of its activity was more extensive, since they connected with Asia and Europe.
Both the elite that were formed in the 18th and the metropolitans moved to Cuba in the 19th century, as well as fortune, were distinguished with nobility titles and intervened in the most representative Cuban institutions: Consulate, City Councils, Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País, etc. Its behavior however differs in terms of its origin, level of wealth achieved, way of transferring capital to Europe and investment.
Paper short abstract:
The Tobacco commerce, under the scope of the colonial Ancient Regime, was based on a system of contracts and exclusive businesses, with associated financial and tax benefits. This paper aims to infer if the Azores Islands were included in this Atlantic system for tobacco.
Paper long abstract:
From the second half of the 17th century, the Tobacco trade became one of the main revenues for the European colonial empires. To make a better profit the several empires adopted different managing approaches. In Portugal there was a general contract, based on a system of contracts and exclusive businesses, with associated financial and tax benefits. The Azores, being part of the Portuguese Empire, were also included in this trade. This paper is a case study about the commercial activity of one of the tobacco traders who managed the contract in São Miguel during the first half of the 19th century - António José de Vasconcelos. Analysing the business correspondence we intend to answer the following questions:How was the business organised? Would the island contractors have (more) autonomy compared to the general contractors? Which were their commercial activities besides tobacco sales and the organisation of the local factory? Were they integrated into the mercantile elite of the Azorean markets?And finally was the Azorean Tobacco business a part of a wider business which we could classify as the Atlantic Tobacco System?
Paper short abstract:
This communication questions tobacco fiscal potentials. We show that relative prices pushed the demand up and trade flows connecting Brazil to West Africa solved supply bottlenecks. Market growth was not reflected on the value of the farm, so the state reaped the smallest share of the benefits.
Paper long abstract:
The fiscal impact of the crown's tobacco monopoly in the domestic market has been a well-studied topic in the Portuguese history of the late Ancien Regime. The issue is mostly observed through the standpoint of either the crown or the elite of businessmen who caught this rent. Yet, a recent research on the contractual arrangements regulating the farm of monopoly rights found evidence that this was not a good business for the financiers well until the middle of the 18th century. In this communication we argue that any rent, albeit based on monopoly regime, rested also on economic trends and relative prices of tobacco, which has been a missing link in this tale of misfortune or of success of either parties involved in the contracts. We assume that changes in clauses of contracts (the term of the farm and value of lump sums) benefited the contractors, providing the market kept expanding. We present an integrated view on a) the evolution of the value of the farm; b) relative prices of tobacco in the Portuguese market; c) exports to alternative markets (African Coast mainly and not so much Spain). We check whether the macroeconomic backdrop of the contracts changed. Given the positive trend in domestic market and the chance of extending the term of contracts, the state became the party which reaped the shortest benefits of this colonial commodity.
Paper short abstract:
A través de una serie de obras conservadas en Canarias (siglos XVIII-XX) podemos observar cómo el tomar tabaco, o el fumar, era una costumbre social arraigada y bien considerada.
Paper long abstract:
A través de una serie de obras conservadas en Canarias podemos observar cómo el tomar tabaco, o el fumar, era una costumbre social arraigada y bien considerada. Recuérdese que Canarias antes del desestanco del tabaco en 1852, es un lugar estratégico en el comercio del este producto y que, una vez aprobada la ley de Puertos Francos, que significó el desestanco del tabaco en las Islas, inicia el camino para convertirse en una de las zonas productoras más importantes de España.
Este estudio trata de ver como las artes plásticas contribuyen y, a su vez reflejan, el uso del tabaco en los mundos ibéricos.