Click the star to add/remove an item to/from your individual schedule.
You need to be logged in to avail of this functionality.
Log in
- Convenors:
-
Heidi Armbruster
(University of Southampton)
Sabine Strasser (University of Bern)
Send message to Convenors
- Format:
- Workshops
- Location:
- 4
- Sessions:
- Wednesday 27 August, -, -, -
Time zone: Europe/Ljubljana
Short Abstract:
Our workshop examines diversifying local neighbourhoods in provincial regions. It explores forms of co-operation and dis-integration, and the ways in which they both relate to larger discursive and political realities, and generate locally specific forms of lived diversity.
Long Abstract:
Anthropologists often describe migrant contexts as multiply dispersed new transnational neighbourhoods or as ethnic or religious environments which are marked by complex processes of cultural belonging. These accounts often share an emphasis on cultural change and locally negotiated diversity. At the same time, and particularly observable in many European countries, political and media discourses repeatedly reassess specific migrant contexts as sites of tradition-based inequalities or failed 'integration'. Thus, while anthropologists (amongst others) increasingly highlight the locally negotiated and malleable character of 'culture' under processes of globalisation, many public discourses maintain scenarios of essentialised cultural threats and suggest clear boundaries between 'ethnic minorities' and putative majority communities. Such contradictory discursive dynamics that hold ideas of creative cultural complexities against those of disturbing cultural anxieties, are readily associated with global cities. However, they bear equal relevance for small towns and provincial regions, which researchers of migration and globalisation have much less focused on in recent years. The workshop wants to address diversifying neighbourhoods and forms of cohabitation in rural areas that have been formed by both, migration and larger socio-economic processes.
We particularly invite papers that address the following:
Ways of forming or activating local neighbourhoods that span multicultural and transnational constituencies; politics of space and multicultural co-existence; local forms of agency and their links (or challenges) to regional, national or supranational (e.g. EU) policies and governance issues (e.g. citizenship, family reunion, residence, anti-discrimination) - and to public discourses on e.g. 'integration' or 'gender equality'; rurality and diversity.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Wednesday 27 August, 2008, -Paper short abstract:
The paper discusses transformation processes of peripheral rural communities in Finland, Estonia, Russia and Ukraine. How do people who live in fringe areas far from political and economical centres experience the changes generated by the end of socialism and/or participation in EU institutions?
Paper long abstract:
The paper presents a comparative study of transformation processes of peripheral rural communities in four European countries: Finland, Estonia, Russia and Ukraine. Fieldwork is conducted in villages on both sides of the European Union eastern border. We purposefully take a grass-roots view of the complex processes of globalisation by asking: how do people who live in rural fringe areas, far from political and economical centres, experience the huge changes in their lives brought about either by the end of socialism or participation in EU institutions and policies, or both? We question the validity of a rigid division between "countries-in-transition" and "Western countries" by comparing localities across this divide, on the thematic grounds of relationship to the European Union, sustainable livelihoods and in-and out-migration. All locations studied share a peripheral position, geographically and/or economically, in relation to the national centre, but the national and international contexts of which they are part are very different. The cases of southern Estonia and eastern Finland are discussed in detail in relation to the gendered patterns of "culture work" through which local and ethnic identities are maintained, recreated and appropriated. Many local people have become aware of the unique subjective worth of their culture. They have also realised that local traditions, landscapes and livelihoods constitute valuable resources. In the regions studied women, including elderly ones, are especially active in processes of re-vitalization of local cultural traditions.
Paper short abstract:
I analyse the current connection of a Pyrenean valley with 'the outside' and the transformation of the local social structure. I explore the relation with the outside through the social category of 'being an outsider', as the result of a conflictual process related to local categories of gender.
Paper long abstract:
At present the tourist and construction industries are the main economic forces in the Catalan Pyrenees. Tourism and construction are in expansion and are directly related to the social conception of the valley as a landscape. Both the majority of the local people and people who come from the outside work in these two sectors. The outsiders are individuals who have decided to live in the Valley where they participate in the local social life.
They are neither tourists, as they stay permanently, nor 'real neighbours' in the local sense. Their classification depends on their changing position over time, dependent, for example, on whether they have a house locally, the kind of jobs they do, their degree of active participation in local politics and events, etc. From a local point of view, they display different life styles and also different ideas about the Valley as a place to live.
I want to show the particularities that characterize the relationship between locals and 'outsiders' with a special focus on local conceptions of gender. The analysis will use the event of the "Sta. Àgueda" celebration (women's day), to discuss 'gender politics' and the current composition and transformation of the social structure.
Paper short abstract:
In their migration decision making process, young people in a rural Austrian neighbourhood negotiate ambivalent push and pull factors. An important reason for their decision to 'stay local' is the discourse about the city as the direct opposite of the safe, close-knit and caring rural community.
Paper long abstract:
More than other age groups rural youths suffer from a range of 'disadvantages' of rural life: the lack of public transport which limits their mobility, the absence of institutions offering further education, low employment opportunities and the lack of leisure facilities. Sometimes young people also consider the social control aspect of close-knit communities as 'intrusive' and 'constraining'. These disadvantages are generally felt more strongly by young women: men tend to have more job opportunities locally, and the social life of clubs, leisure associations and community organizations are male dominated. Young women are more exposed to social control than young men - for example they can more easily lose their 'good reputation' through gossip if they do not conform with social norms.
My ethnographic case study about migration decision making processes among young people of the rural Upper Austrian Community Schönau nevertheless shows that living in the countryside also offers social advantages: Because of their integration in large families, friendship- and community-networks the young interviewees articulate a strong attachment to their home places. They identify with local cultural values, tend to idealize 'the country' and share negative images of 'the city' and its inhabitants.
The country is collectively considered as the only appropriate place for raising children, yet as disadvantageous for the ambitious youths. This leads especially young, well-educated women to express conflicts, combining their traditional image of the family with their career aspirations. Thus, gender and social integration are key factors affecting young people's feelings about rurality with implications for out-migration. Moreover, young people are not as mobile and flexible as the globalized labour market increasingly expects them to be, and categories such as community, solidarity and closeness to nature remain valuable for the youths in these areas.
Paper short abstract:
How are locality, diversity, and belonging constructed in an environment that constantly fails to reproduce its means of subsistence? This paper addresses diversity as narrative, mediated through the stories of present and past generations of kin who have left the community.
Paper long abstract:
The paper is based on several periods of fieldwork in a marginalised rural area of Upper Austria, which is characterised by a high fertility rate on the one hand and continuous out-migration on the other. For more than 150 years, half of the members of a group of siblings, on average, have been leaving the region. Target areas have been urban centres with better job opportunities and other lifestyles within Austria and abroad. Contacts to the region of origin are upheld for at least two generations. The homestayers experience the world out there not only through the media but, in addition, through mutual visits and narratives by their relatives.
As a consequence, the rural homestayers are confronted with a plurality of different values, which influence their perception of life, of belonging and diversity. What they share are not common values, they share the knowledge of the diversity of values.
Paper short abstract:
This paper will first deal with the legal and social situation of Islam and Muslims in Austria and then turn to particular 'troublesome issues' at the intersection of gender equality and ethnic/religious diversity in a small town.
Paper long abstract:
The public debate on Muslims in the European Union increasingly focuses on the verdict that Muslims are 'not willing to integrate' and contribute to the formation of 'parallel societies'. Hierarchical gender relations and crimes 'in the name of honour' (e.g. forced marriages, honour killings, virginity tests, and genital mutilation) have recently become the centre of attention and a main argument for the retreat from principles of multicultural accommodation. Despite the general rejection of the idea that Islam is responsible for these 'harmful traditions', legal as well as political practices in Austria not only combat violence against women but also fuel anxieties between different religious and ethnic groups. Honour is in this context presented as an uncontested tradition and reduced to men's sexual control or violence against women. I will show how this debate on crimes 'in the name of honour', shaped by the idea of 'cultural difference' as something coming from the outside and being concentrated in segregated Muslim enclaves, affects neighbourhood relations and the minority-majority power structures in a small town in Austria.
Paper short abstract:
This paper examines the situation and networks of African migrants residing within a rural context.
Paper long abstract:
African Migrant Networks in Germany
Migrants of the African Diaspora have frequently experienced a sense of non-belonging, encountered ever tightening borders, and restricted movement within the European space. African individuals that manage to overcome such hindrances commonly gravitate towards post-colonial or metropolitan capital cities. The connection with migrants of the African Diaspora and Germany can be categorized as a particular case. While direct post-colonial links to Germany are virtually non-existent, African diasporic migrants can nevertheless be found in many of the country's major cities and small towns. Spatial dispersion and social marginalisation, has prompted many individuals with African diasporic migrant backgrounds to form networks and associations in order to counter sentiments of non-belonging and exclusion.
In this paper, I will examine the networks, networking practices, and cast an intersectionally informed eye upon the situation of migrants of the African Diaspora, residing in the small Southern German city of Bayreuth.
Paper short abstract:
The aim of this paper is to show an example of a local integration project, particularly focusing on two Turkish-Islamic associations in the Tyrolean municipality of Telfs. How does a multicultural discourse contribute to the exclusion of women in the process of negotiating "integration".
Paper long abstract:
Although the general discourse on cultural diversity as well as the policy framework regarding the integration of immigrants is created on a national level, it is local municipalities which are actually implementing integration projects. In trying to prevent social divisions and finding new ways of "living together" municipalities liaise with migrant associations in order to get into contact with the local immigrant population. However, as both actors often employ a view of "culture" that is essentialist and tends to "naturalize" hegemonic religious, ethnic or national constructions of identity, integration projects may fail to address basic structural inequalities between social majorities and minorities. Even more so, asymmetric participation structures within migrant associations remain unquestioned. This particularly affects marginalized groups who are not asked for their (dis)agreement to the way "their" culture is represented to society at large.
The focus of this paper is on women engaged in two Turkish Islamic associations in the Austrian Tyrolean municipality of Telfs. Discussing the example of a locally implemented integration project, it analyses how a multicultural discourse can serve to legitimate asymmetric participation structures within associations, as well as to reproduce them in the cooperation between migrant organizations and local municipalities.
Paper short abstract:
Focussing on local policies and responses in the Southern German town of Bayreuth, this paper will discuss the interplay of levels of identity and different perspectives on integration, racism and multi-cultural neighbourhoods.
Paper long abstract:
Integration is the current buzz word in German politics. Recently the federal government announced a 'national integration plan', and the national media present integration as a desirable goal, opposing it to so-called parallel societies regarded as threatening Germany's social cohesion. Following the national lead, the administration of the town of Bayreuth, located in the North-East of the German federal state of Bavaria, started to establish its own integration policies. Activities include the appointment of a Commissioner for Integration and the establishment of steering committees and working groups which are to design an integration concept for the town. Though being sceptical, members of associations supporting migrants participated in these activities from the outset. Many migrants and persons with a migrant background, however, are still somewhat hesitant to support these initiatives, as many regard them as yet another way of forcing them into assimilation. Others appreciate the new interest 'minority' groups receive and expect positive change in the future.
The presentation will introduce the particulars of the history of Bayreuth, its special combination of local and religious identities and how they come into play within the current multicultural situation. Then local political activities with regards to integration, the different concepts of integration, the perceptions of neighbourhood and racism (by 'indigenous' Germans and those with migrant background) will be discussed. Finally I will reflect on my role as a researcher - and supposedly 'specialist' - in this context.