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- Convenors:
-
Carsten Wergin
(Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg)
Kristin McGee (University of Groningen)
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- Format:
- Workshops
- Location:
- 535
- Sessions:
- Friday 29 August, -, -
Time zone: Europe/Ljubljana
Short Abstract:
The workshop contemplates challenges to the ethnography of diversity and mutuality in music. Focus is on ethnographic methods and the performance sites in which people create and experience imagined worlds, and in which music makes their modalities of experience accessible for ethnographic enquiry.
Long Abstract:
The present workshop contemplates particular challenges to the ethnography of diversity and mutuality in music, especially in contexts where music emerges as a vital force in social life. At a general level, mutuality is a condition of music-making and experience. Mutuality is central to the performance of music at concerts, weddings and other social genres with collective presentations of music such as radio and film. Music also provides particular avenues through which individuals and communities express and negotiate diversity, both in the very act of performance and the wider discursive space around it. Keil's concept of 'participatory discrepancy' and Gilroy's diasporic cultural space of the Black Atlantic are cases in point.
The workshop specifically looks at the challenges to ethnography at particular performance sites. Presenters are encouraged to talk about how various groups of people create and experience imagined worlds in particular venues and geographical contexts (cities, villages, islands, mountains, deserts, etc). The live music club, for example, is a key site of urban culture, a home to articulations of community and belonging, but also class distinction and difference within a commercial space. Mutual sentiments in relation to music have produced new experiences of diversity around categories such as Jazz, HipHop, Reggae, Séga and Roma music, which can be analysed in relation to various forms of circulation, transculturation, creolisation and hybridisation.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Friday 29 August, 2008, -Paper short abstract:
This collaborative paper is to introduce the panel topic in relevant cultural and scholarly contexts. Themes and issues presented are meant as thought-provoking openers that will leave a first set of questions for further exploration in the workshop.
Paper long abstract:
We wish to open the panel by a collaborative paper to introduce the topic in relevant cultural and scholarly contexts. First of all, we wish to emphasize the difference between mutuality and unity to stimulate new critical approaches to cultural challenges in global space. Mutuality can be viewed as an alternative to reductive ideas about cultural difference. Mutuality depends cultural ethics and social engagement. Moreover, mutuality provides a ground for new approaches to thinking about forms of production and consumption. Examples include the involvement of consumers in product development and the social dynamics among cultural producers in both grassroots and corporate settings.
We have encouraged all panellists to grasp the topic from their encounters as ethnographers in particular field sites. The idea is to maintain a focus on a fundamental methodical practice, and to confront the ways in which issues of mutuality and diversity play out in different places around the world.
Our introductory paper addresses three basic questions to help build a common frame for the papers and for a concluding discussion between all panellists:
• Is there anything particular about mutuality and diversity in music? This pertains to fundamental questions about the role of music in society and its expressive qualities.
• Where and how are mutuality and diversity in music produced and shared? We will consider music scenes and music venues as spaces of mutuality
• How are mutuality and diversity constituted in live and mediated performances? This is to recognize the growing impact of electronically mediated communication
Paper short abstract:
This presentation will address the particularities of London's Dubstep music scene in light of creative ecologies of practice. These ecologies comprise a mutuality that includes humans, machines, spaces and objects that constantly perform agency in the process of creative becoming.
Paper long abstract:
From an anthropological perspective the experience of electronic music and nightclubs have been mostly perceived as non-discursive formations and spaces where 'difference' outside discursive strata can be experienced.
As an example, London's history of black diasporic music cultures dates back to the first waves of immigration after the Second World War, mostly from the West Indies and Jamaica.
Dubstep as a recent descendant of roots-related and dub-based music describes a cultural phenomena in the lineage of the 'Black Atlantic' (Gilroy). As a hybrid music style, mostly performed at 'underground' venues in London's east end and with close relations to pirate radio, Dubstep becomes an intersection between, ethnicities, social classes and mutational forms of creativity. Referring to Kodwo Eshun's emphasis on the displacement of 'black music' (Gilroy) I will apply an AfroFuturist perspective to approach the history of dub-centred music in the UK. I will then highlight the conceptual trajectories of 'difference' and mutuality to emphasize the potential for micro-political forms of creativity and resistance through music.
By transcending the closed circuit of the club into an ecology of practice I will specifically focus on the relations between music, humans, and technology to articulate the very aspects of 'embodiment' and creative 'becoming' (Deleuze) through lived experience that take place within current modes of creative production.
These ecologies of practice comprise networks of artistic production, consumption and communication that broaden the often too narrow contexts of social sciences and transcend these fixtures into nonhierarchical and rhizomatic modes of cultural production and interrelations.
Paper short abstract:
Whilst most empirical studies of artists’ encounters and the development of ‘fusion’ music are based on bottom-up musical formations, this paper will focus on the top-down dimension of a planned ‘musical encounter’ and ‘challenge of cultural stereotypes’ which took place last May in London with 15 Arab and British musicians.
Paper long abstract:
Last May, a fascinating artists' residency took place in the United Kingdom, bringing together 12 musicians from all over North Africa and the Middle East, and 3 musicians from the UK. As part of a wider research project funded by the British AHRC, I conducted an ethnography of this 3-week long musical encounter.
Fostered by a British cultural institution, this residency had two different aims. On one hand, it intended "to create new work". On the other hand, it aspired to develop networks amongst the artists from the Near East-North African region and between them and the British music scene. Therefore, while many different musical genres were brought together (rock, jazz, hip hop, classical Arabic music, etc.), the Arab origin of the majority of the musicians (but not necessarily of their music) was also an important dimension, aiming to challenge the 'classical' British representation of what music from this region "should be", as well as showing a contrasted United Kingdom to the visiting artists.
Whilst most empirical studies of artists' encounters and the development of 'fusion' music are based on bottom-up musical formations, this paper will focus on the top-down dimension of this planned 'musical encounter' and 'challenge of cultural stereotypes'. The presentation will investigate the ways in which this double aim, implemented 'from the top', produced musical creation and individual relations 'from below'. Finally, specific methodological and ethical challenges will be addressed, in particular the tension between artists' expectations for, and organizers' reservations on, the involvement of the researcher.
Paper short abstract:
The paper contemplates the relationship between opera and anthropology. Focus is on opera as a pertinent object of anthropological investigation. It will highlight some theoretical, epistemological and conceptual orientations by which anthropologists can explore and experience operatic worlds.
Paper long abstract:
On the one hand opera is an "exotic" topic for anthropologists, while on the other anthropology is still perceived as a very unusual approach to opera. Opera's urban glamour, whether it be represented through the splendor of court spectacle, the pomp of national myths and sentimental melodramas, the political party, or the bourgeois festive occasion, seemed hundreds of miles away from anthropologists' traditional activities or priorities. For four hundred years, opera's aim was to fascinate and create phantasms, focusing principally on the culture of Europe, while anthropology's task was rather different: the deconstruction of such fascinations by focusing mainly on non-European cultures. In the last decades this traditional antagonism has been overcome.
The paper will thus introduce the work of anthropologists and ethnographers whose personal and professional affinity for opera has been explicated in their academic and biographical account. Anthropological accounts on opera (made by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Michel Leiris, William O. Beeman, Denis Laborde, Paul Atkinson, etc.) convince us that social anthropologists do not need to travel to distant places, primeval forests or islands to find relics of social rituals and experience the "exotic". They merely need to go to the opera, where our own weird rites are performed in both their highest and their most trivial form. As a field site, the Slovenian opera habitus (the Ljubljana and Maribor Opera Houses) will be particularly emphasized.
Professional or private ethnographical inquiries of opera mostly deal with diversity and mutuality in local social venue and musical life. The paper will therefore show that the contexts of diversity (such as different places of opera determined by different social venues, music scenes, urban structures, (trans)national ideologies, collective memories and cultural traditions as elements of mutuality) do not only reveal the specificity of the role opera plays in diverse spaces but can also explain the epistemological and conceptual diversity of anthropological interest for opera research.
Paper short abstract:
This paper draws on participant observation of three musical events in Croatia to explore how the nation is experienced through popular music.
Paper long abstract:
Recent thinking about nationalism and nationhood (Michael Billig, Katherine Verdery, Alex Bellamy) encourages us to consider how the nation is experienced and reconstituted through social practice, while David Kertzer's political anthropology suggests that belonging involves reconciling divergent understandings of the nation (etc.) under particular symbols demonstrated through ritual - which may usefully be combined with Richard Jenkins's emphasis on performativity in expressing social identity. This paper explores these ideas using the example of popular music. The mutuality involved in forming part of an audience at a musical performance might offer a way to experience the nation: but who is being mutual with whom, how is it expressed, and does their interaction actually reflect on the national level of belonging?
In Croatia, popular music has often been used to articulate national identity narratives (frequently connected with war memory and/or particular localities). It has also been a site of struggle over the location of cultural boundaries between Croatia and the east/the Balkans/Serbia/Bosnia. Various understandings of nationhood are therefore attached to Croatian popular music, making it an appropriate site for observing the reconstitution of nationhood through mutuality. This paper draws on nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Croatia, and particularly on participant observation of three events in 2007: a concert in central Zagreb to celebrate a Croatian sporting victory; a stadium concert held by a well-known patriotic singer, Marko Perković Thompson; a performance of a drama satirising the decline of old-fashioned Zagreb life and the rise of popfolk music (pejoratively, 'turbofolk').
Paper short abstract:
This paper will examine the way in which a discourse of 'quality' in music is constructed within the jazz scene of Athens. It will attempt to show how this discourse is negotiated while moving through different sites of musical performance.
Paper long abstract:
What happens when the concept of musical quality, associated for ethnomusicologists and musical anthropologists with elitist approaches by classic historical musicology, is strongly present in discourses in the field? How do sites of musical performance serve as the physical space for such a discourse?
The last two decades of the twentieth-century saw an increase in the popularity of jazz music amongst professionals and students of the Athenian music scene. Combined with a lack of interest and familiarity of the wider audience with jazz musical culture, this phenomenon resulted in an unbalanced situation: the number of jazz musicians emerging from music schools all over the city or repatriating after being trained abroad was far greater than the local music scene was able and eager to support. Facing that situation, the majority of jazz musicians were forced to work within the popular music industry (performing pop, folk-pop, or so called "art-song" music), with only occasional opportunities to play the music they were trained for.
This paper will examine contesting conceptualisations of quality in music, constructed within these circumstances of division between musical labour and playful creativity. It will attempt to illustrate the significance of shifting between performative sites (from the popular music club to the small jazz venue) for the construction of a musical identity balancing between the experienced locality and the imaginary of globality. It will also discuss the role of discrepancies in musical aesthetics and affiliations in the experience of mutuality on stage and with the audience.
Paper short abstract:
This paper explores the gendered and cultural representations of smooth jazz. In particular, the promotion of fusion and "cross-over" musicality are highlighted as important "multi-cultural" and gendered conceptions in the international sites of smooth jazz production, consumption, and creativity.
Paper long abstract:
This paper explores the gendered and cultural representations of smooth jazz, one of the most commercially viable musical genres to emerge during the last two decades. In particular, I investigate the promotion of fusion and "cross-over" in jazz music as important "multi-cultural" and gendered conceptions in the international sites of smooth jazz production, consumption, and creativity.
During the recording crisis of the 1970s and early 1980s, the promotion of cross-over jazz artists facilitated a broader rooster of mixed-genre performers within the recording divisions of the major jazz record companies like Verve and Blue Note. These new artists successfully sold records but also acquired prestige and financial gain in the mass mediated jazz sites of adult contemporary radio and international jazz festivals, as well as newer performance sites including smooth jazz vacation destinations and internet sites. During the 1990s, smooth jazz extended beyond its prior musical formula signifying not only a radio format and musical descriptor but eliciting a particular cosmopolitan attitude towards living, consumption, and cultural taste and in turn spawning new sites of smooth jazz performance. In Miami, for example, all-star smooth jazz cruises attracted middle and upper class contemporary jazz fans, chartering both musicians and tourists to America's multi-cultural tropical ports like Key West and Coco Cay in the Bahamas. In California, the birthplace of smooth jazz, wine festivals provided both sophisticated meeting points and epicurial delicacies for an upwardly mobile, culturally diverse group of music lovers and "good living" enthusiasts. Indeed, contemporary sites of smooth jazz production embrace fluid and sometimes transient trajectories such as those provided by traveling jazz festivals, ocean cruises and seasonal wine harvests.
This paper explores some of these symbolic constructions and mobile sites as well as some of smooth jazz's iconic 1980's recordings including Candy Dulfer and Dave Stewart's "Lili Was Here." Since then, Dulfer has performed in smooth jazz's mobile performative sites while also prominently contributnig to a variety of cross-over musical projects. Her performances have continually reflected developments in contemporary jazz and popular music within the context of an increasingly mass-mediated and transnational music world.