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- Convenors:
-
Ibukun James Olaoye
(Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan)
Kingsley Edewor (Saradore Trust Nigeria Limited)
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- Format:
- Panel
- Location:
- Palmer 1.06
- Sessions:
- Thursday 29 June, -
Time zone: Europe/London
Short Abstract:
Insecurity has forced many people to be displaced and lose their livelihoods besides climate change impacts. Understanding the effect of climate change on rising conflict, particularly in emerging economies is critical to formulating effective policies to achieve sustainable development goals.
Long Abstract:
In the wake of the rising climate change impacts and conflicts, it is fast becoming difficult for nations, especially emerging economies to achieve sustainable development goals. Given that millions of people are been pushed to extreme poverty as many lost their livelihoods, especially smallholders due to conflicts and climate change. Understanding the root cause of conflict and how climate change causes conflict is critical for designing effective conflict resolution strategies and formulation of policies that will ease the nation's struggles to achieve sustainable growth agendas. Unraveling the intrinsic and dynamic natures of issues surrounding conflict, climate change, and sustainable growth will help to tackle the rising insecurity across most nations of the world and particularly in developing nations.
Insecurity arises in the forms of banditry, resource conflicts, coup d’état, and interstate conflict among others ravaging the development of many countries as it displaces millions of people globally. Therefore, this panel seeks papers that will address the following issues: What are the causes of insecurity? What relationship exists between climate change and insecurity? How do climate change and insecurity affect sustainable growth? What conflict resolution strategies are available for managing insecurity? What sustainable option for effective management of climate change and conflict?
The aim of the conveners is to develop a collaborative publication from the panels’ collection of papers on how to tackle the triple emergencies of climate change, conflicts, and sustainable growth struggles and provides detailed solutions by drawing on global assessments.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Thursday 29 June, 2023, -Paper short abstract:
Climate change to a great extent contribute indirectly to increased insecurity. Climate change has worsened insecurity as it individually and/or jointly impact the Nigeria economy. This paper examined the effect of climate change and insecurity on economic growth in Nigeria.
Paper long abstract:
Climate change has over the past few decades worsened globally; Nigeria inclusive. This is evidenced with significant rise in temperature, flood and drought incidences, among others. Previous literature has identified that climate change has an indirect effect on conflicts and insecurity. While climate change effects are gradual, its impacts are more widespread with detrimental socioeconomic and health consequences. In some areas in Nigeria, resource usage has led to inter-tribal conflict at border towns and farmers-herders conflict. In the absence of strong institutional capacity, this problem will escalate and may lead to total annihilation of a community. This study therefore examined the linkage between climate change and insecurity and its effect on Nigeria economy. Secondary data were sourced from the Councils of Foreign Relations, Mercy Corps, Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) of the World Bank, and the Central Bank of Nigeria. We discovered that some parts of the country have experienced resource conflict due to land and water resource dispute with the country generally experiencing increased trend of causalities due to armed conflicts in the form of diverse separatist agitators and this has impacted the economy negatively despite the government’s continued significant spending on both defence and internal security. Also, the level of insecurity has influenced the overall economy negatively with the agriculture and health sector mostly affected. We therefore, recommend that the Nigeria government proffer lasting solutions to the recurrence of armed conflict and resource dispute in the state by adopting sustainable conflict and resource management approaches.
Paper short abstract:
Climate change is having a significant impact on natural grasslands, increasing nomadic migration and farmer-herder conflicts. The study indicates that conflicts between farmers and herders had reduced the pools from which prospective farmers can be drawn. The study recommends bans of open grazing.
Paper long abstract:
Climate change is wreaking havoc on the pastures and fragile ecosystems that nomadic herders rely on for survival, as well as increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. This has exacerbated nomadic migration to Southwest, Nigeria in search for grazing pasture for their herds of cattle’s. Conflicts between "herders" and "farmers" have erupted in recent years as pastoralists and farmers compete for increasingly scarce resources. These conflicts had posed a number of threats to farm labor participation, including the displacement of farming households from disaster-prone areas, a reduction in the pools from which prospective farmers could be drawn. This paper investigates the effect of farmer-herder conflicts on farm labour participation in Southwest Nigeria using primary data collected through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussion (FGD) from 360 farmers who were directly impacted by the conflicts. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Logit, models were used to analyze the data. The OLS model revealed that household size, destruction of farmland and crops by cattle, increased farmer-Herder conflicts, while availability of grievance redress mechanism and educational level significantly reduced farmer-Herder conflicts in the study area. The Logit model revealed that number of dispute/clashes, displacement of farm households and value of crops damage by cattle had a marginal effect of 0.66, 0.24 and 0.68, which increases the probability of farmers’ involvement in non-farm labour participation by 0.66, 0.24 and 0.68 percent respectively. The study recommends bans of open grazing and movement restriction of cattle by herders in public places.
Paper short abstract:
The conflict between nomadic Fulani herders and indigenous farmers in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is an unpleasant phenomenon that has a significant impact on farmers’ livelihood and a resultant effect on food security..
Paper long abstract:
The increasing strictures of climate change on water resources and arable pastureland has necessitated an increase in herders’ migration flow, which in turn has increased the risk of direct conflict between these parties, and negatively impacted farmers’ welfare. This herders-farmers conflict has a significant effect on farmers’ livelihood and food security in the Niger-Delta region. It has resulted in the loss of crops, income, and farmers’ displacement from their homes and farms. The increasing competition for scarce resources such as water and grazing lands has been a major contributing factor to this conflict. Exacerbated by climate change, the situation has led to frequent and severe droughts, reducing the available resources for both farmers and herders. This paper assessed the effect of Fulani herders-farmers conflict on farmers’ welfare in Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Using content analysis, the region has two major industries, Oil exploitation and agriculture by smallholder farmers. Prolonged droughts in the North have reduced crop yield and the quality of grazing lands, thus causing herders to move southward in search of pasture. This has resulted into increased conflicts between farmers and herders, with farmers losing their crops, properties, livelihoods, and sometimes their lives. The effects of the Fulani herders/farmers conflict also had a broader impact on food security in the region. Farmer’s displacement and crop loss have reduced overall food production in the region, causing increased food insecurity and high cost of food. We recommend that stakeholders proffer a lasting solution through a sustainable framework for migration and climate governance.