Abstract:

This paper analyzes the perceived legitimacy of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) among the public in its member states. The EAEU has garnered considerable academic attention over the last decade. However, a gap exists in the literature regarding one crucial aspect of the EAEU: its (perceived) legitimacy. Grounded in the theoretical premise that legitimacy influences member states’ responses to international organizations, this study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the perceived legitimacy of the EAEU within Armenia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In doing so, the paper, firstly, scrutinizes the EAEU from the non-Russian perspective. Secondly, it shifts the focus away from high-profile decision-makers to ordinary people while discussing the EAEU. Finally, the paper explores the impact of recent geopolitical developments on attitudes toward Russia-led organizations. To address this issue, we conducted focus group discussions with representatives of the general public in three countries. Preliminary findings indicate a notably low level of legitimacy attributed to the EAEU among these populations, yet, its degree varies among the three countries. This observed deficiency in legitimacy and the concurrent growth of negative attitudes may further complicate the already challenging dynamics within the EAEU.

Abstract:

The paper focuses on conceptualizing Central Asian cross-border cooperation, incorporating both theories of cross-border cooperation and distinctive regional patterns observed in the European Union, North America, China, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Africa, Latin America, and the post-Soviet space, primarily Russia.

I argue that while Central Asian cross-border cooperation exhibits certain typical deficiencies, such as overly centralized governance and insufficient funding, it also possesses specific noticeable strengths. These include some Central Asian states' inclination towards cross-border transportation projects, driven by the political will to mitigate the disadvantages of their landlocked positions. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the divergence in cross-border cooperation policies among Central Asian states. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have demonstrated greater effectiveness in this arena compared to Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, which indicates a repetition that needs correction for clarity.

Given these factors, this paper will explore the potential to identify a distinctive pattern of Central Asian cross-border cooperation. Additionally, it will offer recommendations for enhancing Central Asian cross-border cooperation, duly taking into account the existing political and economic realities.

Abstract:

This study explores into the evolving dynamics of relations between Türkiye and the Central Asian states, focusing on transitioning from bilateral engagements to a multidimensional framework. Over time, the political, economic, and cultural ties between Türkiye and the Central Asian states have undergone significant transformations.

The relations between Türkiye and the Central Asian states have changed over time. Initially, Türkiye sought to forge strong ties with the newly independent Central Asian states following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, primarily on political and economic grounds. However, the enthusiasm accorded to these relations in the early 1990s waned during the latter half of the decade and the subsequent years, resulting in a more restricted scope of engagement marked by a dual character. Thus, the relationship became more limited in scope. The dual character began to dominate.

Since 2009, there has been a resurgence of emphasis on regional cooperation, notably through the platform provided by the Organization of Turkic States. This study employs content analysis of leaders' speeches, official documents, trade data, and agreements to explore the intricate factors and influential actors that have shaped the trajectory of Türkiye's relations with the Central Asian states. By scrutinizing the interplay between structural factors and actors, this research aims to offer deeper insights into the dynamics of regional cooperation in Central Asia. Additionally, it will theoretically examine the relationship between structural factors and actors in forming divergent preferences in inter-state relations.