Paper short abstract:

The aim of the paper is to present some ideas and theoretical tools in research dealing with different others, and to discuss conditions for inclusion and possible ethical implications.

Paper long abstract:

Markers of differences between "us" and "others" are implicit in collective identity processes and construct borders between insiders and outsiders, belonging and non-belonging, normal and abnormal. However, the different other is not only an outsider but also among us. Various theories of "outcasts" are represented in humanities and social sciences. Several definitions of the term "outcast" might be keys to readings of the concept, because the distinctions between insiders and outsiders are always in processes of change according to places and time (see Bauman). Construction of collective identity through negative images of different others have shown its force and impact throughout history. An understanding of the organization of differences, whether marked by ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or by other signifiers, its functions and consequences, is a prerequisite to understand processes of marginalization.

What are the conditions for inclusion of different others?

What ethical responsibilities and what kind of theoretical and methodological tool case should cultural researchers use in contemporary multicultural societies? Can or should research counteract exclusion and xenophobic images, emotions and attitudes?