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- Convenor:
-
Rashmi Kumari
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- Format:
- Panel
- Location:
- G7
- Sessions:
- Tuesday 25 June, -, -
Time zone: Europe/London
Short Abstract:
This panel will present case studies and personal experience narratives of boarding schools for Indigenous children in postcolonial nations like India and South Asia. Through this panel discussion we seek to explore and critique the continuous logic of colonization in postcolonial societies.
Long Abstract:
In 2020, several activists and anthropologists wrote an open letter (South Asia Journal 2020) and signed a petition denouncing the plans to hold the World Congress of Anthropology (2023) at the Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS) or what is in academic and activists term referred as “factory school” (Survival International 2020). KISS is a privately run residential school for Indigenous children in Odisha, India. Boasting itself as the “biggest anthropological laboratory,” KISS has been criticized for its dehumanizing attitude toward children and for severing their ties with their language, culture, and family. Similarly, in a recent report, China is documented to have residential schools for Indigenous children of Tibetan and other ethnicities. In this panel, we analyze the logic of these boarding schools in postcolonial nations in South and East Asia. Indigenous education has its tragic roots in the colonial history of the world, which later resulted in boarding schools for Indigenous children in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. The colonial logic behind these schools was rooted in religious civilizational ideologies, which the Catholic and Protestant missionaries propagated toward Indigenous communities. However, in post-colonial sovereign states like India, which have established their formal education systems based on the British colonial legacy, there are public and private boarding schools for the Indigenous (Adivasi) population. Hence, it becomes important to look at the advent and continuation of such an education as a relationship between colonial religiosity and polity in the post-sovereign nation-state. We invite abstracts from researchers, early career academics, educators, and practitioners who are working on the issue of boarding schools for indigenous children.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Tuesday 25 June, 2024, -Paper short abstract:
Through autoethnography, this paper discusses identity formation and aspirations among marginalized community students under the ‘Swaero’ Identity. The Telangana Social Welfare Residential Education Institution Society(TSWREIS) students and alumni identify themselves as the ‘swaeros.'.
Paper long abstract:
‘Swaero' has recently become an official English noun in the Oxford English-English-Telugu dictionary. It is defined as a fusion of SW (Social Welfare) and AERO (Sky is the limit), symbolizing the idea that students in social welfare schools have limitless potential. The term is used as an aspirational identity by students and alumni to combat the stigma tied to their traditional caste identities.
R.S. Praveen Kumar, who served as the Secretary of the Telangana Social Welfare Residential Education Institution Society from 2013 to 2021, coined 'Swaero.' The 'Swaero' movement represents a transformative pedagogy implemented in Telangana Residential schools. It has evolved into a powerful symbol for empowering Dalit and tribal students in Telangana Residential schools, aiming to break the stigma attached to their caste identities.
The author, a former student of these boarding schools (2005-2010), turned researcher (ethnographer) on the same schools after 13 years and Explores 'Swaero' through autoethnography. The first part looks into what 'Swaero' truly represents and whether government residential schools empower marginalized students or alienate them from their cultural roots and themselves. In the second part, the author delves into the aspirations and identities within tribal and Dalit social welfare schools, examining their dynamics influenced by neoliberalism. Drawing on lived experiences in the Telangana Tribal welfare school and being part of a tribal community in Telangana, the author provides insight into the changes within the school environment under the influence of neoliberalism.
Paper short abstract:
KISS boarding school - a laboratory project, a 'performativity of power' and a continuation of the colonial-brahmical system on indigenous people whose lives are forcibly entrenched in the everydayness of resource extraction, land theft, social assimilation and cultural annihilation.
Paper long abstract:
The policy of assimilation, mainstreaming or de-tribalising indigenous communities by placing their children in residential schools has been increasingly disproved and abandoned, most publicly throughout North America, Australia and Canada since the 1980s. In India, this history and its dangers are little known, with relatively little awareness of how they are being replicated among many of India’s Adivasi communities. Extraction education has evolved more slowly in India, but has now reached a larger scale than in any other country, with many similar manifestations to the ‘stolen generations’ model that has created outrage elsewhere.
The KISS residential school in Odisha, India for Adivasi children, symbolises the gruesome colonial legacy and is an important marker of how Adivasi communities are being systematically consumed under the globalised project of ‘mainstreaming tribal children’. Post liberalisation, also the same time around which KISS school started, many extractive corporations began operating residential schools for Adivasi children as a part of their CSR policies. These companies have a strategic interest in the lands that Adivasi communities inhabit. Today, schools like KISS not only receive large amounts of funds from companies which wrest control over tribal lands, but have emerged as nodal agencies for extractive corporations to socially engineer and organise Adivasi identities to suite and justify India's fastest growing 'development story'. Residential schools for Adivasi children, more particularly in mineral rich regions, has almost become a rite of passage to becoming a part of extractive society, and not a means for achieving social justice.
Paper short abstract:
Indigenous face loss of culture, language, and forced assimilation; Gond tribes in Gadchiroli, India combat this by establishing community-run schools preserving the Gondi language, and culture. Legal recognition is sought to challenge assimilative education frameworks.
Paper long abstract:
The global extinction of indigenous languages threatens cultural heritage. In India, despite 74 years of democracy, tribal communities struggle for education in their mother tongue, essential for preserving language, culture, and traditions. The Gond tribes in Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, initiated a groundbreaking effort - 'Paramparik Koya Dnyanbodh Sanskar Gotul,' the first Gondi language school. State-run schools force tribal students into Marathi medium, hindering cultural preservation. This community-run school, entirely managed by Gram Sabhas, addresses this gap. Pedagogy is rooted in traditional culture, teaching arithmetic and sciences in Gondi alongside English, with a practical approach covering community history, social reformers, farming techniques, traditional medicines, and more. The school, named 'Gotul,' symbolizes a blend of traditional and modern education. In tribal dialect 'Gotul' means an educational institution of tribal community in which youths are trained and imparted with the traditional knowledge.
This initiative challenges post-colonial education frameworks that historically assimilated tribals through Christian missionaries, Gandhian Ashram Schools, state-run schools, and Hindutva groups. Resembling the residential schools of Canada and the USA continued till the 20th century, these systems disrupted tribal ties with culture and language. The Gondi school, a resistance effort, faces bureaucratic complexities in obtaining recognition.
The emergence of this school signifies a powerful endeavor to establish an educational ethos for tribals. A legal petition seeks enforcement of constitutional rights, PESA Act (1996), and Forest Rights Act (2006) to protect their distinct identity and challenge assimilative education practices.