Paper short abstract:

The study suggests an innovative approach to assess climate-induced vulnerability and advocates spatial sustainability thinking for (re)thinking socio-ecological development amid current and future climate crises. It focuses on the traditional marine fishing society in Bengal, India, using a hybrid methodology with community participation.

Paper long abstract:

This study offers an innovative and comprehensive approach to measuring climate-induced vulnerability, as well as spatial approaches to thinking about sustainability in the context of Indian coastal society. The initiative attempts to map vulnerability extensively while (re)evaluating traditional ideas of sustainability by focusing on the delicate interplay between socio-ecological dynamics and climate change. This study employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating ecological assessments, socioeconomic analysis, and local community engagement. It specifically focuses on a case study involving traditional marine fishermen in the coastal region of Bengal, India. In this case, a hybrid methodology was employed, incorporating interdisciplinary data collection techniques such as household sampling (N=330), focused group discussions (N=20), participatory GIS, and drawing upon relevant secondary sources. In this sense, this study developed a 'socio-ecological vulnerability model' with the help of the IPCC vulnerability framework to map the climate-induced socio-ecological vulnerability in coastal society. Through vulnerability analysis and mapping, this study shifts sustainability concepts for future Earth's climate challenges to socio-ecological spatial thinking, establishing and applying innovative 'thinking of sustainability.' This study reveals the escalating coastal socio-ecological vulnerability in India's coastal Bengal due to climate extreme events, leading to various challenges like climate gaps, migration, and water governance. These issues intensify spatial inequality, injustice, and dissatisfaction among locals, jeopardizing their fundamental human rights and daily lives. In response, the study proposes and argues for a re-evaluation of socio-ecological sustainability through innovative spatial considerations, urging a critical perspective and emphasizing the need for (re)thinking socio-ecological development amidst current and future climate crises.

Keywords: Climate crisis; Socio-ecological vulnerability; Spatial thinking of sustainability; Local community participation; Coastal Society

Paper short abstract:

This article aims to propose a multidimensional approach to well-being inequality in a capability framework while at the same time providing a solid theoretical background that justifies the choice of dimensions and weights. The resulting Index will be applied to four European countries from 2005 to 2017.

Paper long abstract:

When well-being inequality is concerned, most of the works present in the literature focus on a one-dimensional approach, which is almost universally done by studying a monetary variable1, such as income or wealth. Very few papers considered a multidimensional method, such as

(Decancq & Lugo, 2012) or (Aristei & Bracalente, 2011) and even in those cases, there appeared to be no substantial justification for the choice of variables and weights.

This article aims to propose a multidimensional approach to well-being inequality while at the same time providing a solid theoretical background that justifies the choice of dimensions and weights. The Index will be based on the multidimensional extension of the Atkinson Index by (Maasoumi, 1986) and (Tsui, 1995) and the choice of variables and weights will be made considering Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and the Constitutional Approach by (Burchi, De Muro & Kollar, 2014), which uses the countries’ constitutions and annexed documents to identify the essential variables for those countries.

This framework will be used to compose the Index, that will be computed of four EU countries, Italy, Germany, France and Spain, using data from the EU-SILC survey, focusing on well-being inequality before and after the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008.

Main results include a general worsening of inequality levels after the crisis but an improvement in the later years; Mediterranean countries fared worse than France and Germany; strong roles in non-monetary inequality and heterogeneity between dimensional inequality, and finally, a sustained gender gap in all cases examined.

Paper short abstract:

I propose a new implementation of the capabilities framework for the purpose of measuring poverty consistently around the world. I exploit the fuzziness that results from three sources: poverty dimensions, exact specification and data. I approach this in both a bottom-up and and top-down directions in terms of the targeted living standards encapsulated in each capabilities specification.

Paper long abstract:

In order to consistently measure poverty around the world we need a well-grounded theory of welfare measurement. The capabilities framework lends itself for this purpose, but needs to be calibrated to specific poverty definitions. This means that we need to constrain it with a set of first principles so that we can derive a specific version of the capabilities framework linked to the specifics of poverty measurement. This does not have to be a one-to-one mapping, and several interpretations/mappings may be (quasi)equally defensible or valid. Our approach to this mapping follows a twofold strategy. I identify what poverty clearly isn’t (so starting from a wealth standpoint, and narrow down the concept of being non-poor as much as possible), and I identify what poverty clearly is (so starting from extreme-bare-bones poverty, an extreme poverty CBN if you will, and then enrich that as much as possible within a first principles framework). What is left between the two thresholds would be a grey area where people may or may not be living in conditions of poverty. Generally, such a theory should have the ability not only to distinguish poor from non-poor but also to compare different levels of poverty conditions. More generally, it should be able to distinguish different levels of welfare conditions across the welfare spectrum. Acknowledging that there is/should be a considerable grey area in any (operational) definition of poverty is an advantage, not a disadvantage. This fuzziness comes from three sides: definition (which exact elements/dimensions should the poverty be covering), specification (to what extend each element should be covered) and data (volatility of prices, non-perfect population data, errors in the household surveys, etc.). This paper develops these ideas to a functional and operational definition of poverty within the capabilities framework that lends itself for empirical application.

Paper short abstract:

The primary goal of this paper is to measuring capability of people, addressing the empirical difficulties in capturing an unobserved part of capability set. By using a new individual panel data, we estimate the capability sets. At the same time, we propose discussions how these statistical models have their normative basis as aggregation processes of individual functionings.

Paper long abstract:

The primary goal of this paper is to measuring capability of people, addressing the empirical difficulties in capturing an unobserved part of capability set. First, we construct a new individual panel data of ten waves for three years, covering multiple actions of the same person. Second, we apply the linear mean decomposition technique on the data to estimate the capability sets. Third, we propose discussions how these statistical models have their normative basis as aggregation processes of individual functionings, by introducing type-(in)dependent aggregation and equal-weight/ population share-weight evaluation rule. These normative discussions will provide the justification why we focus not only on the size of capability, but also the shape of capability; to what extent the capability is independent of specific behaviors. We also show actual size and unfreedom of capability for three groups (public care recipients, people with disability, general elderly).

Paper short abstract:

This study examines how health insurance impacts various health outcomes aligned with SDG 3, using NFHS-5 data. It employs descriptive stats and propensity score matching to understand the population's characteristics and estimate the effect of health insurance on health outcomes. Results shed light on this relationship.

Paper long abstract:

Research Context:

In September 2009, member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Asia-Pacific Region adopted a health financing strategy aimed at reducing out-of-pocket payments, increasing total health expenditures, and achieving high coverage with prepayment schemes for over 90% of the population. Then, in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlighted various health objectives in Goal 3. One specific target, 3.8, emphasized the importance of universal health coverage. This target stressed the need for financial protection to improve health outcomes.

India, similar to other Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), has introduced diverse health insurance schemes to expand financial protection to its citizens. While schemes like the Employee State Insurance and Central Government Health Scheme cater exclusively to government employees, there are broader government initiatives like AB-PMJAY aimed at offering free healthcare services to all and extending health insurance coverage to the economically disadvantaged. In addition to these government-led efforts, there has been a modest rise in private health insurance coverage due to economic growth and increased competition in the healthcare sector. Community-based health insurance schemes, managed and funded at the community level, also play a role by providing coverage to their members.

Despite increasing health insurance coverage in India and considerable governmental efforts, achieving comprehensive coverage and accurately assessing the impact of such schemes remain a significant challenge. Studies attempting to evaluate their effect on health outcomes have produced mixed results, leading to a lack of consensus. Some research has focused on the indirect impact through healthcare service utilization. These studies have revealed variations in the extent of impact across different types of insurance and demographic groups.

In low-income countries like Uganda, community-based health insurance has demonstrated a positive effect on the utilization of preventive health services, such as mosquito net usage and child deworming. Similarly, participation in Social Health Insurance, Community-Based Health Insurance, and National Health Insurance schemes has been linked to increased utilization of mental health care services.

Despite the widespread attention given to health insurance coverage as a means of attaining financial security and improved health outcomes in alignment with SDG 3, there exists a gap in assessing their influence on other health outcomes outlined in the SDGs. While existing research has primarily focused on specific health indicators like maternal health, there is a pressing need for a more expansive evaluation of how health insurance schemes affect various health targets set by the SDGs.

Therefore, this study aims to explore how the type and extent of coverage impact various health outcomes associated with the SDGs. By doing so, it seeks to enhance our understanding of the role of health insurance in advancing overall population health.

Methodology:

Data from the NFHS-5 was used to investigate the effectiveness of health insurance coverage on achieving health outcomes aligned with the SDGs, particularly those under SDG 3, which focuses on health and well-being. The study examines 12 specific health outcomes derived from SDG 3.

Firstly, the study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the characteristics of the sample population and to understand the socioeconomic factors associated with both health insurance coverage and the prevalence of health outcomes. This helps in providing a comprehensive overview of the population being studied and the distribution of health insurance coverage and health outcomes across different socioeconomic groups. In addition to descriptive analysis, the study utilizes propensity score matching (PSM) methodology. PSM allows researchers to compare outcomes between individuals with and without health insurance coverage while controlling for potential confounding variables. This method helps in estimating the causal effect of health insurance coverage on health outcomes, accounting for differences in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics between the two groups.

Analysis & Conclusion:

The findings of the analysis are then presented, highlighting the relationship between health insurance coverage and various health outcomes. Based on these results, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of health insurance schemes in improving health outcomes aligned with SDG 3. These recommendations are informed by the observed associations between health insurance coverage, socioeconomic factors, and health outcomes, with the aim of guiding policymakers in designing interventions to maximize the impact of health insurance on public health.

Keywords:

Health Insurance, Coverage Type, Health Outcomes, SDG, India

Paper short abstract:

This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on multidimensionally poor individuals in Minas Gerais, Brazil, using Sen's capabilities approach and the Alkire-Foster MPI. Fieldwork involved interviewing 1400 people, revealing significant declines in wellbeing across various dimensions due to the overlaps of historical and structural deprivations and the crisis context of the pandemic.

Paper long abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges globally, significantly affecting various aspects of life, especially for those living in poverty. This research, grounded in the capabilities approach theorized by Amartya Sen and utilizing the Alkire-Foster method to construct a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), aims to deepen the understanding of how the pandemic has impacted the capabilities of the multidimensionally poor. The study focuses on a comprehensive array of dimensions, including education, employment, food security, access to social benefits, happiness and wellbeing, social isolation, health, safety, and experiences of discrimination.

The theoretical framework for this research is based on Sen's capabilities approach, which emphasizes what individuals are able to do and be, in contrast to solely economic or resource-based assessments of poverty. This approach aligns with the research agenda of the Missing Dimensions as proposed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Institute. The study applies the Alkire-Foster method to construct an MPI, which serves as a critical analytical tool, offering a more nuanced understanding of poverty beyond mere income measures.

The field research was conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, encompassing four small municipalities and their rural areas. This region was selected due to its diverse socioeconomic landscape and the varied impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across different communities. The study period, 2021-2022, was a critical phase in the aftermath of the pandemic, providing a relevant context for examining the pandemic's long-term effects on multidimensional poverty.

A team of trained social workers conducted the fieldwork, employing a comprehensive questionnaire with over 50 questions covering 10 dimensions. A total of 1400 individuals, representing a diverse cross-section of the population in terms of age, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographical location, were interviewed. This approach ensured a rich and varied data set, reflecting the complex and multifaceted nature of poverty and capability deprivation in the context of the pandemic.

Preliminary findings indicate that individuals living in multidimensional poverty, as measured by both income and the MPI, experienced a substantial decline in wellbeing across multiple dimensions in the wake of the pandemic. This decline was not uniform across all dimensions, highlighting the need for a multidimensional approach to understanding poverty and its impacts. The study revealed that the pandemic exacerbated existing vulnerabilities, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and access to healthcare. Additionally, the research identified significant gaps in public assistance and social security programs, which were crucial in supporting the resilience of these communities during the crisis.

The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the understanding of the multidimensional impacts of global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on the capabilities and wellbeing of the poor. By shedding light on often overlooked dimensions of poverty, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, social workers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and inclusive approaches to poverty alleviation and crisis management.

In conclusion, this research not only provides empirical evidence of the multidimensional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor but also underscores the importance of considering a broad range of dimensions in assessing poverty and designing interventions. The findings from this study are expected to inform more effective and targeted policies and programs aimed at addressing the complex challenges faced by the poor in times of global crises.

Keywords: Capability Approach; Multidimensional Poverty; Missing Dimensions; Covid Pandemic; Crisis.

Paper short abstract:

We operationalize the capability approach using a structural equation model. The model uses data from adolescents living in Chitungwiza, to study the capability domains associated with their well-being. Our analysis will reveal the interdependencies among the capability dimensions, produce capability scores and identify the factors that influence an individual’s capabilities and functionings.

Paper long abstract:

Background

How can social or health policy-makers and program managers improve the overall well-being of adolescents living in Zimbabwe?

The first step is ensuring that policy- or decision-makers have access to appropriate adolescent well-being measurement tools. Such instruments should be capable of collecting relevant evidence and data that reflects, the complex and comprehensive experiences and realities that affect the well-being of adolescents. However, traditional adolescent well-being measurement tools are based on opulence and utility (Sen, 1985). One limitation with the use of such tools, is that they fail to record injustices, violations of rights and levels of deprivation or keep them concealed (Sen, 1999).

As an alternative to these welfarist measures of well-being, Amartya Sen conceptualized the Capability Approach (Sen, 1985, 1992, 1999, 2010). This approach proposes that judgements or evaluations of well-being should be based on what a person is able to do and be that is of value and importance to them. Under the Capability Approach framework, well-being is not measured in terms of an individual’s functionings (actual achievements, assets, or possessions). Instead, well-being is determined by the real opportunities available that give a person the freedom to decide what they will achieve – this is known as the capability set. Furthermore, these capabilities are shaped by the commodities (the means and resources to achieve) available to them in their context. In this paper, we use this approach as a framework to study and assess the well-being of adolescents living in the relatively low-resourced city of Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe.

Study Aim

For this study we have two goals. The first goal is to operationalize the Capability Approach using a multi-dimensional model that includes contextually relevant indicators. The second goal is to generate the individual capability scores of adolescents living in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe, to assess their personal well-being.

Methods

Adolescent well-being is a multi-dimensional and latent construct. To measure adolescent well-being and operationalise the Capability Approach we are using structural equation modelling (SEM) which allows us to account for the various interconnected capability dimensions that characterise adolescent well-being and determine the role and influence of exogenous factors on the capabilities and functionings of adolescents living in Chitungwiza. The capability dimensions included in the model represent the five domains of the recently proposed adolescent well-being framework. These capability dimensions are: Health Capability (being able to access health services and make healthy choices), Relational Capability (being able to make positive relationships and contributions to society), Safety Capability (being able to live in an adequately safe environment), Knowledge/Employment Capability (being able to be educated or employed) and the Agency and Resilience Capability (being able to be resilient and make their own choices).

The structural model focuses on understanding which casual relationships exist among the endogenous latent constructs (capability dimensions) that constitute adolescent well-being. For example, we will use the model to determine if there is an association between the Health and Safety Capability, and if the relationship is mutual or one-directional. While capability domains may have simultaneous influence over one another, they are also prone to other external causes that also influence them. Through the structural model equations, we will also ascertain which exogenous (observable) variables have an effect on the various capability domains, helping us determine for example, whether exogenous variables such as the socio-economic status (SES) of an adolescent could impact their Health Capability or Safety Capability. Additionally, we will generate capability indices which we will use to assess the adolescents’ state of well-being as suggested by Sen.

The second part of a SEM is the measurement model. It seeks to identify relationships between capabilities (latent variables) and functionings/achievements (observable variables), and illustrate the role capabilities play in the achievements made. Included in the measurement equations are other exogenous variables that influence the adolescent’s achievements. These set of equations are important as they may help explain why adolescents who are exposed to the same capabilities have different levels of functioning/achievement.

This research is nested within Y-Check, a study that aims to evaluate a novel and comprehensive, youth-friendly health check-up that screens and offers treatment/referral for 20 conditions and behaviours including common mental disorders, oral health, physical impairment, and nutrition. The model built for this research uses data from the Y-Check study population which comprises of 2000 adolescents, between 10-19 years of age. Participants were recruited from primary school, high school, and community settings.

The data that is being used includes self-reported information on education, participation in sports, social support, health conditions, health access and usage, risky behaviours, socioeconomic status, household characteristics, living conditions, agency, and other personal information (e.g. self-esteem). Other variables included in the analysis, which were collected separately from the individual-level data, relate to district-level and school-level data (e.g., number of medical facilities, and water coverage, number of classrooms, presence of sports facilities, access to clubs, and cultural activities etc.)

Results

The analysis is currently underway. From the results of the model we will be able to:

1. Specify interdependencies among the different capability dimensions mentioned above

2. Calculate the individual capability scores for each adolescent

3. Identify the factors that are associated with an individual’s capabilities

4. Determine which individual or household characteristics and capabilities are associated with an adolescent’s level of functioning/achievement.

I will share the preliminary findings from this work-in-progress during the session to solicit feedback from the HDCA community.

Implications

The empirical results will provide a reference for social and health policy makers to use when developing programmatic and policy efforts that improve and protect the overall well-being of adolescents living in and around Chitungwiza. The findings will also highlight opportunities to strengthen multisectoral and intersectoral collaborations aimed at promoting adolescent well-being. As an empirical study, the model can serve as a tool in measuring the well-being of local adolescents.

Paper short abstract:

In the present study, a Women’s Capability Index (WCI) has been introduced by making use of a primary field survey in Assam. The focus of WCI is to demonstrate how female empowerment is constrained by limitations in the capability space. WCI is measured using the AF methodology of double cut-off (Alkire 2011).

Paper long abstract:

Economies are more likely to grow sustainably when men and women fully participate as employees, entrepreneurs, consumers, caregivers, community stakeholders, and leaders. Women, being half of the human population, bear critical significance in the development process and the consequential success or failure of nations. Closing the gap in well-being between males and females is as much a part of development as reducing income poverty. Gender equality enhances economic efficiency and improves other development outcomes. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), if women farmers have the same access as men to productive resources such as land and fertilizers, agricultural output in developing countries could increase by as much as 2.5 to 4 percent. There is evidence to demonstrate that resources in the hands of women can enhance production and productivity, promote human capital and capabilities within the household, and thus benefit the economy as a whole, both in the short and long term. As quoted in DFID (2013), in Burundi, if primary school dropouts (27% of girls) had completed primary school before going to work, they would have generated a lifetime income equivalent to nearly 25% of Burundi’s annual GDP. If 88% of girls who were not able to complete secondary school had been able to do so, their additional lifetime productivity would increase GDP by more than two thirds of their annual GDP . Beaman et al. (2011) highlighted that in India, giving power to women at the local level led to greater provision of public goods, such as water and sanitation, which mattered more to women.

In the present study, a Women’s Capability Index (WCI) has been introduced by making use of a primary field survey in Assam and incorporating qualitative issues. The traditional human development approaches have based from a macro perspective, where economic growth is an important indication for assessing development. The capability approach, as developed by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, assesses well-being in terms of people’s ability to function and whether they are provided with the real opportunities: the capabilities to function in ways that matter to them, so that they can choose the lives they have reason to value. Functionings are the beings and doings of a person—such as working, resting, or being healthy. Capabilities are the combinations of functionings that a person has the possibility of achieving (Sen, 1993: 31)—such as having the conditions for freedom of speech or having the conditions (hospitals, healthcare workers) to recover from an illness. So, capabilities are opportunities or freedoms to achieve what an individual reflectively considers valuable. Both Sen (1999) and Nussbaum (2000) stress the importance of looking into capabilities because one may have the capabilities but may not necessarily have the resources or social and political context to turn the capabilities into functionings. So, the approach makes interpersonal comparisons, scrutinises whether the circumstances in which people make choices are just, and pays attention to resources, economic growth, social cohesion, social institutions, and the availability of commodities and legal entitlements, stressing that these are means to well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to question to what extent people have genuine access rather than mere preferences to operationalize their capabilities. Sen’s elaborations (1984, 1987, 1993) on the “capability approach” have superior potential for developing a theory of gender inequality and furthering gender justice through empowerment. Capabilities correspond to the overall freedom to lead the life a person has reason to value.

The focus of WCI is to demonstrate how female empowerment is constrained by limitations in the capability space. Empowerment, here, refers broadly to the expansion of freedom of choice and action to shape one’s life. WCI is measured using the AF methodology of double cut-off (Alkire 2011). The basic information regarding the data used for WCI is mentioned in Table 1. The other details of the construction of WCI are given in Table 2. The data source used for the construction of WCI is the primary field survey data in all districts of Assam.

Table 1: Metadata

• Data source----Primary Survey in all 31 districts of Assam

• Sample size used for the WCI is 14875 women

• Both unit of identification and unit of analysis is individual

For measuring WCI, four dimensions of deprivation are chosen, which are further subdivided into 11 indicators. The deprivations in each indicator are similar to the poverty head count ratio (HCR), which divides the whole female population of Assam into two mutually exclusive groups of deprived or non-deprived in each indicator of WCI.

Table 2: Detail of WCI for Assam and all districts

1. Physical Strength Hygiene: Water and Sanitation (weight 1/8 ) and Diet & Immunity (weight 1/8)

2. Economic Security: these dimensions are applicable to adult women. Therefore, for girls less than 18 years of age, if at least one woman is not deprived then other women of less than 18 years age are also considered not deprived: Financial Autonomy (Weight 1/12), Financial Literacy (weight 1/12); Property Ownership (weight 1/12);

3. Social Relation : Literacy (weight 1/12); Freedom of Mobility (weight 1/12); Freedom of Expression (weight1/12)

4. Inner Wellbeing: in case of a girl less than 18 years if anyone in the family deprived in this dimension then other minor girls are also considered deprived: Dignity (Weight 1/12); Violence (weight 1/12); Sleep Deprivation (weight 1/12)

Paper short abstract:

The purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of relative redistribution on inequality-adjusted human development using the Genialized Method of Moments in the period 2010 - 2010 in oil-exporting countries. previous studies have shown the effect Gini index on HDI. In this paper, we consider inequality-adjusted human development and relative redistribution to have a more accurate analysis.

Paper long abstract:

Recent reports have shown that income and wealth inequalities in many Countries are extremely high, but not on a worldwide scale, nor within the accession protocols on essential services such as health care and education. Human development has been taken into account in many different studies which is the average of human development achievement in health, education, and income. It represents disparities in human development across the population within the same country. Inequality-adjusted HDI(IHDI) takes into account not only the three dimensions mentioned before but also how those achievements are distributed among its population. The impact of income distribution on human development has also been investigated in several studies and yielded conflicting results. The literature review reveals that the existing evidence is somewhat mixed and argues for further in-depth empirical work across disciplines. Income inequality is measured using the Gini index, and market income is used as the basis for calculating the Gini index. This index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or sometimes consumer spending) among individuals or households in an economy is completely equal. Since taxes and transfers are tools to achieve equitable distribution, calculating the Gini index based on income after taxes and the addition of transfers can provide a more accurate picture of allocating state revenues. Income distribution can be effective in human development because human development factors, including health, education, education, and per capita income, are influenced by income distribution. Therefore, in this study, relative redistribution is considered as an inequality index of the income distribution while other studies use the Gini coefficient based on market returns. Furthermore, the present study departs others because of the countries involved. As oil exporting countries can ensure higher human development and due to a lack of data on some variables, we consider Canada, United States, Iran, Mexico, Netherlands, Russia. and China among oil exporting countries. Due to the difference between the human development index and income distribution in these countries. in this paper, we examine the impact of relative redistribution on inequality-adjusted human development using the Genialized Method of Moments in the period 2010 - 2010. According to the revised human development index, during the years studied, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Canada ranked first, Russia in second, and Iran, Mexico, and China in father. Countries in the group have increasingly higher levels of human development than the second and third groups. Based on the relative redistribution index, Iran and Mexico are in first place, China and Russia are in second place, and the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Canada. countries in the third group are therefore better positioned in terms of relative income distribution. The results of this study indicate that income inequality as this often results in a misallocation of resources leads to an increase in human development. Oil rent has a positive and significant impact on inequality-adjusted HDI. Therefore, tax, oil governance, and the development of social programs in these countries are important to enhance human development and equality.