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- Convenors:
-
Yoshiyuki OKABE
(Chiba University)
Toshinobu Ogiso (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics)
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- Discussant:
-
Sven Osterkamp
(Ruhr University Bochum)
- Section:
- Language and Linguistics
- Sessions:
- Wednesday 25 August, -
Time zone: Europe/Brussels
Short Abstract:
At the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, the construction of the Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ) is proceeding apace. This panel will first give a brief overview of the CHJ and then present three research papers on Early Modern Japanese based on the CHJ.
Long Abstract:
At the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, the Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ) is being constructed under the project "The Construction of Diachronic Corpora and New Developments in Research on the History of Japanese." This corpus consists of seven series, the Nara period series, Heian period series, Kamakura period series, Muromachi period series, Edo period series, Meiji Era/Taishō Era series, and Waka-shū series.
Of these, the Edo period series includes three sub-corpora, Series I: Share-bon, Series II: Ninjō-bon, and Series III: Chikamatsu's Works (scheduled to be released in March 2020). This panel will first give a brief overview of the CHJ and then make three research presentations on Early Modern Japanese based on the CHJ (Edo period series) as follows.
Presentation 1: Tendencies in the Appearance of Fusion in Early Modern Japanese
Presentation 2: Utilization of Speaker Information Annotated in the Share-bon corpus and the Ninjō-bon corpus
Presentation 3: Layered Structure of Subordinate Clauses in Early Modern Japanese
In Presentation 1, presenter 1 will report on tendencies in the appearance of fusion in the spoken language of the Edo period using a corpus annotated with information about regional differences and the status of speakers.
In Presentation 2, as a case study using speaker information annotated in the Share-bon corpus and the Ninjō-bon corpus, presenter 2 and presenter 3 will show which words and expressions are related to the gender of the characters.
In Presentation 3, presenter 4 will present research on subordinate clauses in Japanese, which have a layered structure with certain items appearing further inside the clause. Since morphologically annotated data in the CHJ are useful for studies of connections between sentence elements, this presentation will examine the structure of subordinate clauses in Japanese of the Edo period using the CHJ.
After that, we will take questions and comments from the audience and discuss the methodology and possibilities of historical Japanese linguistic studies using corpora with the discussant and the audience.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Wednesday 25 August, 2021, -Paper short abstract:
Subordinate clauses in Japanese have a layered structure that contains different items. However, details are unknown except for the Heian Period and for present day Japanese, and it might be an error to link them together. This paper describes subordinate clauses in the Edo Period, using the CHJ.
Paper long abstract:
This paper considers the layered structure of subordinate clauses (SC) in Japanese and how it has changed over time. It is well known that SC in Present Japanese (PJ) has a layered structure that contains different items. In the following examples (1), -(s)aser- (causative) can connect to tutu (iterative), nara (conditional), ga (adversative), but -(a)na- (negative) cannot be used with iterative, and =daroo (conjecture) cannot connect to conditional as well as iterative.
(1) Gohan=o tabe{-sase / *-nai / *-ru=daroo}-tutu,
Gohan=o tabe{-saseru / -nai / *-ru=daroo}=nara,
Gohan=o tabe{-saseru / -nai / -ru=daroo}=ga,
In addition to this data in PJ, a similar layered structure can be observed in Early Middle Japanese (EMJ).
(2) Kokoromotonak-u omof-ase-tutu, (Tales of Genji)
Sakura=no sak-azar-aba, (Tosa Nikki)
Jiti=ni=wa ni-zar-am-edo, (Tales of Genji)
(3) {-(s)ase / *-(a)zu / *-(a)mu}-tutu,
{-(s)ase- / -(a)zar- / *-(a)mu}-(a)ba,
{-(s)asur / -(a)zar / -(a)m}-edo(mo),
In these examples, the ability of each of -(s)ase- (causative), -(a)zu- or -(a)zar- (negative), -(a)m- (conjecture) connected to -tutu (iterative), -(a)ba (conditional), -(r)edomo (adversative) is parallel to the relationship in (1). Here, conjecture or intentional -(y)oo and =daroo in PJ and -(a)m- in EMJ are both located in the periphery of these layers. We may conclude that the structures of EMJ and PJ can be connected, but it might be an error based on examples from Early Modern Japanese (EModJ). In (4), -oo which has a similar function to -(a)m-, =daroo, is located before the conditional 'nara'.
(4) Ima=de nara-oo=nara nagauta=da. 'If you want to learn something now, nagauta is good.' (Kyōja Hōgen, 1771)
Since morphologically annotated data in the CHJ is useful to find connections between several elements, this paper aims to describe the layered structure in EModJ. Based on the above, we consider the history of SC from EMJ to PJ.
Paper short abstract:
In this presentation, I report on tendencies in the occurrence of fusion in the spoken language of the Edo period using a corpus annotated with information on the regional differences and social status of speakers.
Paper long abstract:
In this presentation, I will investigate and analyse phonological fusion in spoken language in the Edo period using the Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ). In particular, it is well known that vowel fusions often occur.
(1) wakai > wakee 'young', hairu > heeru 'enter', aite > eete 'opponent'
(2) omae > omee 'you', kaeru > keeru 'go home', mae-kami > mee-kami 'bangs'
(3) futoi > futee 'thick', ototoi > ototee 'two days ago', omoitsuki > omeetsuki 'idea'
In the fusion of vowels within a word, there are many instances of the changes /-ai/ → /-eR/ and /-ae/ → /-eR/, as exemplified in (1) and (2). Changes such as /-oi/→/-eR/ in (3) are seen in some limited vocabulary.
In addition, postpositional particles sometimes fuse with words immediately before and after them. In particular, the binding particle wa (は) frequently fuses with an immediately preceding pronoun.
(4) Soryaa (sore + wa) hontou no koto ka. 'Is that true?' Satokagami (1791)
(5) Onoshaa (onoshi + wa) dokee (doko + e) iku. 'Where are you going?' Kyojya Hogen (1771)
The fusion of both vowels and particles tends to occur in Edo rather than in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka). It is not a change affecting all speakers, but the lower the speaker's social status, the more likely fusion is to occur.
The corpus used in this investigation is annotated with the attributes of the speaker in the conversation and includes detailed information about the speaker's region, status, and gender. I use the CHJ to collect and analyse examples of fusion based on detailed speaker information. I will also examine the interpretation of examples that appear to be exceptions.
Paper short abstract:
In this presentation of a case study using speaker information annotated in the Share-bon and Ninjo-bon corpora (sub-corpora of the CHJ Edo period series), we will show which words and expressions are related to the gender of the characters.
Paper long abstract:
Various characters appear in the Share-bon and Ninjo-bon books, which constitute spoken language materials in Early Modern Japanese. In the analysis of Early Modern Japanese, it is necessary to consider the various attributes of the characters, so detailed speaker information (gender, status, generation, region, etc.) is annotated in the Share-bon and Ninjo-bon corpora (sub-corpora of the CHJ Edo period series).
As is well known, in Japanese, the vocabulary and expressions used may differ depending on the gender of the speaker. However, it is not yet clear what kinds of words and expressions in Early Modern Japanese show such gender differences. In addition, while the Share-bon books describe the human relationship of guests and courtesans in the special environment of the Yuri, the Ninjo-bon books describe various human relationships in general society, and thus, the social relationships between the characters are different. Therefore, there is a possibility that linguistic gender differences seen in the Share-bon books will not appear in the Ninjo-bon books.
Therefore, in this presentation, we will use speaker information annotated in these two corpora to show specifically which words and expressions are related to the gender of the characters. When giving specific examples, the following distinctions are made.
1. What are the words and expressions that show gender differences in the Share-bon books, but not in the Ninjo-bon books?
2. What are the words and expressions that do not differ by gender in the Ninjo-bon books, but do differ in the Share-bon books?
3. What are the words and expressions that show gender differences in both the Share-bon books and the Ninjo-bon books?
This determines the words and expressions that show gender differences in Early Modern Japanese, helping to clarify whether the differences are found in a specific text genre or generally in Early Modern Japanese.
Furthermore, the characteristics and tendencies of the words and expressions corresponding to 1 to 3 above are also analyzed from various viewpoints.