- Convenors:
-
Tara Bedi
(Trinity College Dublin)
Joanne Cagin (Concern Worldwide)
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- Chair:
-
Keetie Roelen
(The Open University)
- Format:
- Paper panel
- Stream:
- Gendered, generational & social justice
Short Abstract
Amid growing global uncertainty, development actors face persistent and shifting forms of poverty linked to gender inequality and environmental fragility. This panel examines lessons from two decades of anti-poverty work to guide the next generation of inclusive and sustainable development.
Description
The eradication of extreme poverty remains elusive, while links between poverty, gender inequality, and environmental vulnerability have become increasingly apparent. Over the past 15 years, multifaceted approaches such as Graduation programming have transformed poverty reduction. Evidence from diverse contexts shows that sustained investments in productive assets, psychosocial support, and social inclusion yield long-term gains in wellbeing and economic security. Yet the evolution of these interventions, through innovations such as Gender-Transformative and Green Graduation, signals a critical moment for reflection. How have these adaptations reshaped poverty reduction and empowerment? What conceptual, methodological, and policy lessons emerge from their implementation?
In this multistakeholder panel co-organised with the DSA Multidimensional Poverty and Poverty Dynamics working group and Concern Worldwide, we invite empirically grounded and conceptually informed papers that assess the impact, mechanisms, and limits of anti-poverty interventions. We particularly welcome contributions that engage with:
-The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of poverty and empowerment outcomes;
-Innovations in measuring and evaluating empowerment, including longitudinal and mixed-methods approaches;
-The integration of gender-transformative, and environmental sustainability dimensions into poverty programming;
-The interface between global frameworks (e.g. SDGs) and local realities of implementation; and
-Practitioner reflections on scaling, adaptation, and learning in complex contexts, particularly conflict.
By bringing together scholars and practitioners, the session aims to bridge conceptual debates and empirical insight with practical experience. Ultimately, the panel seeks to re-examine how anti-poverty interventions can more effectively foster agency, resilience, and empowerment, and what this means for reimagining development futures in an uncertain world.
Accepted papers
Paper short abstract
Kerala’s EPEP shows how multidimensional, participatory, and capability-focused strategies can reduce extreme poverty. Drawing on existing conceptual foundations and field insights, the paper stresses the impacts, challenges, and lessons for holistic, empowerment-oriented anti-poverty models.
Paper long abstract
Efforts to eradicate extreme poverty are increasingly recognising the necessity for multidimensional and empowerment-oriented approaches that surpass mere income transfers, emphasising the enhancement of capabilities, agency, and long-term well-being. Kerala’s Extreme Poverty Eradication Programme (EPEP) serves as a particularly pertinent example for analysing how modern anti-poverty initiatives incorporate household-level planning, service convergence, and bottom-up social inclusion strategies, which enabled the state to become the first in India to eradicate extreme poverty. This paper sets down the conceptual foundations of Kerala’s approach and places EPEP within the broader context of scholarly and policy debates surrounding empowerment, capability expansion, and last-mile service delivery. In addition to academic literature and publicly accessible programme documents, the paper selectively utilises field observations from the researcher involved in the social auditing team of EPEP. These observations explain how the mandates for transparency and participation have transformed beneficiaries from passive recipients into active monitors and evaluators, in that way reinforcing their democratic agency and reaffirming core values of responsiveness and equity. The discussion highpoints how certain components of EPEP function in practice and scrutinises the persistent constraints faced by households, such as disability, insecure livelihoods, and social marginalisation. The paper will show both the potential and the limitations of Kerala’s model in addressing long-term vulnerabilities, enhancing agency, and fostering resilience. By connecting Kerala’s experience with global discussions on the dynamics of multidimensional poverty and empowerment, this paper provides insights into the lessons that next-generation anti-poverty interventions can draw from state-driven, holistic, and context-sensitive strategies.
Paper short abstract
The paper examines women’s participation in a recent urban public works program in India. Women, especially those outside the labour force, show significantly higher interest, enabled by the program’s locally available, flexible design that eases entry or return to the labour market.
Paper long abstract
In September 2022, Rajasthan Government launched the Indira Gandhi Rozgar Guarantee Yojana- Urban (IRGY) in Rajasthan. Based on the lines of India's long running rural public works program, MGNREGA, IRGY was launched to guarantee 125 days of wage employment in a year to every urban household in the state in local public works. While extensive literature discusses the impact of MGNREGA on rural workers, especially women, and its role as a safety net (see, for example, Khera & Nayak, 2009), there is little evidence on what role could an employment guarantee play in the urban informal economy. Based on two rounds of surveys of 400 households in 20 urban slums in two cities of Rajasthan- Jaipur and Udaipur, this paper is one of the early attempts to empirically assess the impacts of the program. Using a mixed methods approach, the paper identifies the determinants of participation in the program. It finds that women are significantly more likely than men to participate in it. Among them, a subsection of women who are out-of-the-labour-force (currently engaged in housework) are most likely to participate. The findings indicate that IRGY facilitates women’s entry or re-entry into the urban labor force by offering flexible employment close to home and provides a fallback option for those already engaged in informal labor.
Paper short abstract
Reflections and learning from implementing anti-poverty Graduation approach across rural, urban, fragile, and climate-vulnerable contexts, focusing on gender, environmental resilience, and scalable coaching models
Paper long abstract
For 17 years, Concern Worldwide has implemented Graduation programmes across diverse contexts and an ever-changing backdrop of global priorities. Spanning rural farming communities, urban informal settlements, stable environments, and fragile and conflict-affected contexts, the scaling and adaption of approaches to meet different needs and priorities has been vital to achieving socially inclusive, environmentally sustainable, and climate-resilient pathways out of extreme poverty.
In this panel, Concern will share concrete lessons from adapting anti-poverty programming to new and challenging contexts. Some innovations have been prompted by research; others emerged from operational experience and later became research questions. As implementation realities shift, many of the foundational questions remain — often more complex than initially anticipated.
We will explore key areas where adaptations and innovations are underway, or emergent:
• Gender-transformative programming: integrating gender transformative dialogue into the Graduation package, building on recent evidence from Malawi showing positive effects on women’s decision-making, asset ownership, and household dynamics.
• Environmental sustainability and climate resilience: embedding a “green lens” into Graduation, including sustainable resource management, risk mitigation, and ecosystem-aware livelihood strategies, as promoted in our “Greening Graduation” work.
• Coaching and scalability (the “X factor”): reflecting on the role of coaching and mentoring — long recognized as critical but resource-intensive and difficult to measure — and discussing the potential and risks of digital adaptations or AI to maintain effectiveness while scaling.
Through this implementer’s perspective, we will ground academic insights in operational realities, highlighting tensions and trade-offs, knowledge gaps, and promising directions for future anti-poverty programming.
Paper short abstract
By using a mixed methods approach, the paper assesses the effects of a graduation programme in Malawi on (income and multidimensional) poverty and resilience. Therefore, it contributes to generating evidence on the capacity of graduation programs to ensure a sustainable exit from poverty.
Paper long abstract
Inspired by the BRAC graduation model in Bangladesh, the Government of Malawi together with IFAD launched the Ultra-Poor Graduation (UPG) intervention within a broader programme, called FARMSE. The UPG targets the beneficiaries of the nation-wide cash transfer program and provides them with seeds capital and different types of training and coaching, with the aim of graduating them out of poverty. The UPG was implemented by five NGOs in six districts of Malawi, covering 20,800 beneficiaries.
Despite the proliferating evidence on the effectiveness of graduation-type interventions, only few have looked at these effects after the end of the project. It is also unclear whether a limited set of interventions (compared to the 4-5 components in the BRAC model) could be as effective as the comprehensive one. The study contributes to filling this gap, by analyzing the effects of the UPG in Malawi on poverty and households’ resilience to shocks.
It relies on primary data collected in two different years, 2021 and 2023. In each of the six districts, the two surveys covered a sample of programme beneficiaries and a control group. We also collected qualitative data to understand the specific selection criteria used by the NGOs and the mechanisms explaining the results of the quantitative analysis.
To assess programme effects, we use both fixed effects and difference-in-difference econometric strategy. The main dependent variables are: income poverty, multidimensional poverty, and indicators of resilience to climate-related shocks (drought and flood). Intermediate outputs include participation in savings groups, investment in productive activities, livelihood diversification.
Paper short abstract
This paper uses an intersectional lens to examine whether social protection delivers the same gender outcomes for all women in Latin America. Focusing on rural/urban and Indigenous/non-Indigenous differences, it shows how intersecting inequalities produce uneven economic inclusion outcomes.
Paper long abstract
Social protection is a key instrument for addressing gender inequalities, with evidence demonstrating its positive effects on women’s economic inclusion and autonomy. Yet critical questions remain about for whom these interventions work, and under what conditions. Drawing on the concept of intersectionality, this paper examines how the gendered effects of social protection are shaped by the interaction of multiple axes of inequality, focusing on differences across rural and urban contexts and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.
Latin America provides a particularly relevant case study for this analysis, having pioneered conditional cash transfers in the 1990s, implemented waves of women-focused microcredit, and more recently developed integrated service packages with a gender lens. At the same time, the region is marked by deep structural inequalities. Persistent urban–rural divides generate large disparities in access to education, health services, and labour markets. Moreover, Indigenous peoples remain overrepresented among the poor and, consequently, among social assistance recipients. Nonetheless, programmes are rarely designed to address their specific needs, which often results in unintended impacts.
This paper shows that while social protection can enhance women’s economic inclusion, impacts are uneven due to intersecting inequalities. Rural and Indigenous women often experience constrained benefits as unpaid care responsibilities, limited access to services and markets, and structural discrimination restrict their autonomy and economic gains. These findings challenge assumptions of women as a homogenous beneficiary group and emphasise the need for intersectional and context-sensitive approaches to social protection design and evaluation.
Paper short abstract
Using data from a cluster RCT among millet-growing women in Odisha, India, this paper examines whether empowerment is a pathway to entrepreneurship. We find that instrumental and collective agency, and overall empowerment mediate enterprise formation, even without significant empowerment gains
Paper long abstract
Empowering women and enhancing entrepreneurship within an agricultural setting are widely considered key drivers of rural development. With most studies focusing on mechanisms to enhance both, little effort is made to understand the extent to which empowerment is a pathway to entrepreneurship, the gap that the study aims to address. The study conceptualizes empowerment as a multidimensional process encompassing three domains of agency: intrinsic (power within), instrumental (power to), collective (power with), as well as overall empowerment, and measures these domains before and after a value chain training program. Using two waves of data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Odisha, India, designed to promote private and collective entrepreneurship among millet-growing women, we explore the relationship between empowerment and entrepreneurial engagement. Analysis of baseline data using multiple logistic regression reveals that instrumental agency was strongly associated with running a household enterprise, whereas collective agency was associated with running a female-owned enterprise. Using endline data, generalised structural equation models reveal that instrumental and collective agency mediate the establishment of small enterprises. The training program did not result in a statistically significant increase in women's empowerment, rather, it leveraged pre-existing levels of empowerment to promote entrepreneurship. These findings suggest that entrepreneurship-oriented developmental programs should integrate empowerment, with the focus on empowerment as a means rather than the main intended outcome.
Paper short abstract
Digitalisation has increased households' reliance on energy-dependent digital services; yet conventional measures often overlook the shift and misrepresent deprivation and inequality. The paper addresses this gap by including digital dimensions to estimate energy poverty in India more accurately.
Paper long abstract
Rapid digital transformations are reshaping various global needs, and residential energy needs are no different. While a significant share of the global population remains deprived of direct energy sources, such as electricity and clean cooking fuel, the increased use of digital services has created new axes of inequality. The inclusion of digital energy services is necessary, especially in the Global South, where residential energy and digital advancements are still insufficient. Hence, the paper aims to measure the prevalence of energy poverty by constructing a multidimensional energy poverty index that accounts for digital-dependent energy services, along with a comprehensive set of other indicators. Using nationally representative data from the periods 2015-16 and 2020-21, the study analyses the prevalence of energy inequalities among households at various geographical levels, including national and sub-national (regional, state, and district) levels. Furthermore, the indicator-specific prevalence of energy examines the role of digital disruptions in energy-deprived households. Finally, the study analyses the extent of transition in households' energy deprivation and associated inequalities over the last half-decade. The results indicate a significant decline in energy deprivation during this period. However, energy deprivation, including that resulting from digital advancements, has a more pronounced effect on the least developed regions and social classes. Moreover, the inequalities have shrunk minimally among the vulnerable communities. The study emphasises the need for community-level infrastructure development policies to ensure that households' well-being in less developed regions can access energy and energy-led services, thereby reducing disparities with developed areas.
Keywords: Energy poverty, Digitalisation, Regional Inequalities
Paper short abstract
Four-year randomised control study of an anti-poverty programme in Malawi examining whether gender-targeted assets plus couples' training produces sustained impacts on household welfare, women's empowerment, and intimate partner violence among the ultra-poor.
Paper long abstract
We present findings from a four-year follow-up of a four-arm randomized controlled trial in rural Malawi that tests whether internal household frictions can be as binding as external resource constraints for the ultra-poor. The Graduation program provided a productive asset package targeted either to women, to men, or to women with an added couples' cooperation and empowerment training, with a fourth control group.
Our 17-month results showed that gender targeting alone does not alter household income or consumption, though male targeting shifts benefits toward men. In contrast, adding couples' training to a female-targeted program produced a Pareto improvement: household income rose, driven by higher female business earnings and greater male participation in productive decisions, with no reduction in women's empowerment. Mechanism analysis revealed that gains arose from improved coordination and shifts in gendered labour allocation, not from changes in information or shared vision.
This follow-up, conducted four years post-intervention (five years post-cash transfer), examines whether these economic and empowerment effects persist in the medium term. This extended analysis will determine whether economic empowerment translates into sustained changes in household welfare, women's empowerment, and violence, and whether the mechanisms of improved coordination and labour reallocation continue to drive outcomes or evolve over time. By examining both the persistence of production frontier shifts and changes in intra-household dynamics, we offer new evidence on whether enhanced cooperation can generate lasting improvements in household welfare and the long-term foundations of poverty traps.
Paper short abstract
This paper examines the Self-help group programme in rural India and how it reproduces gender-caste-class-based marginalisation for the Scheduled-Caste women. Adopting the lenses of financialisation of social reproduction and caste capitalism, this study uses the state of West Bengal as case study.
Paper long abstract
Self-help groups (SHGs) for rural women in India are integral parts of development policies, including the distribution of welfare schemes, building financial discipline, lending microcredit, fostering community solidarity, and helping them find decent work. However, the reality on the ground for Scheduled Caste (SC) women in rural India is quite the contrary. SHGs have not only failed to provide welfare benefits and decent work to the SC women in rural India, but they have also led to their increased indebtedness and worsening of socio-economic conditions. SHGs and microfinance groups act as convenient sites for banks and Microfinance Institutions in India to extend financialized debt. This process is more pronounced for the groups of Scheduled Caste women due to their precarious employment, lack of other opportunities for upward mobility, burden of socially reproductive labour, and discrimination from the state. Additionally, by making membership of SHGs a compulsory condition for receiving welfare benefits, the state plays a central role in trapping SC women in SHGs and allowing finance capital to use these as sites of accumulation. Based on 41 interviews conducted across 7 districts in the state of West Bengal, India, of a diverse range of participants, including Scheduled Caste women, Scheduled Tribe women, General Caste women, and representatives from the finance sector, this study examines how the state and financialized debt in rural India works in alliance to reproduce caste-based marginalisation for SC women while facilitating financial accumulation; a process that is termed as caste capitalism.
Paper short abstract
Using a three wave multipurpose panel data collected in 2015, 2017 and 2022, we find that internal migration decisions increase household consumption, and finally reduces poverty and food insecurity. The results also showed considerable heterogeneity across gender and motivation for migration.
Paper long abstract
Migration decisions serve as welfare improvement strategy in low-income households in developing countries. However, there is scanty evidence on the impact of internal migration decisions on welfare of low-income households in developing countries. This study examines the impact of internal migration decisions on poverty and food security of the left behind households in rural communities of Northern Ghana. The study relied on a three-wave multipurpose panel data collected from 2,141 poor households. Using correlated random effects (CRE) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) estimations, we found that internal migration decisions statistically and significantly increase food consumption, and also reduce poverty and household food insecurity. The results also showed considerable heterogeneity with female headed households obtaining higher benefits from internal migration decisions compared to male headed households. The results also show that migration decisions solely for work purposes have higher welfare impact compared to migration decisions due to other reasons including marriage and set up of new household. We also found that migrants sending remittances to the left behind households lead to higher welfare impact compared to their counterparts who do not send remittances. However, we do not find statistically significant differences in the welfare outcomes based on the number of male migrants versus that of female migrants. The study concludes that policies and programmes targeting internal migration decisions could improve the welfare of left-behind vulnerable households in developing countries.
Paper short abstract
Economic growth alone does not ensure multidimensional poverty reduction. Evidence from Vietnam shows that foreign investment reduces poverty only where strong local governance enables improvements beyond income, shaping inclusive development outcomes.
Paper long abstract
Why does rapid growth fail to eradicate poverty in all its dimensions? Drawing on provincial-level evidence from Vietnam between 2016 and 2020, this study examines how macro-level economic integration and local governance structures shape multidimensional poverty outcomes. Moving beyond the dominant focus on monetary poverty, the analysis employs a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach to assess the combined and conditional effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and local governance on multidimensional poverty. The findings reveal that even in provinces experiencing high levels of investment and economic growth, progress in multidimensional poverty reduction remains uneven and contingent on governance quality. Improvements in administrative procedures and local-level participation—core dimensions of local governance—are strongly associated with declines in multidimensional poverty, while FDI alone shows no direct causal effect. Instead, the poverty-reducing potential of foreign investment is mediated by local governance capacity, shaping whether and how economic growth translates into improvements across non-income dimensions of wellbeing. These results speak directly to debates on anti-poverty programming, including Graduation-type and empowerment-focused interventions, by demonstrating how structural and institutional contexts condition the effectiveness of household-level strategies. The study highlights the central role of local governance in ensuring that economic integration and development initiatives foster inclusive, multidimensional, and sustainable poverty reduction.
Paper short abstract
This paper presents my doctoral research on the outcomes and transformative impacts of Employment Guarantee Schemes in India. These were impacts that empowered workers by improving their bargaining power and their capacity to act collectively, allowing them to challenge structural inequalities.
Paper long abstract
This paper utilises a comparative political economy approach to studying the implementation of social programmes, its outcomes and transformative impacts. The social programme is analysed as a production intervention and as a conflictual social process.
The research compares India’s flagship National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) in four villages in Karnataka in south India. The villages varied in terms of the distribution of productive assets, agroecology and integration with the wider economy. The research asks if, how and under what conditions, can the social programme contribute to incremental processes of transformation in rural contexts.
The comparative case demonstrated how outcomes were structured by the social relations of production, even as its implementation could potentially transform (or have transformative impacts on) these relations. These were impacts that contributed to the positive freedoms of labour, i.e., its bargaining power vis a vis rural employers and its capacity to act collectively in pursuit of shared interests. The research emphasised an under-explored impact of the social programme, i.e., its role as a social wage, providing labour with economic and political resources to improve its socio-political conditions, which, in the current case, was through its organised collective action.
The analysis of transformation focussed on iterative processes of struggle between competing sets of class interests, identifying the social programme as a site of class struggle. The research found processes of transformation to be contingent on a dynamic ainteraction between class struggles in the capital-labour relation and in the relations that structure the distribution of public resources.