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Hip-hop, or rap, is a diverse mix of recitation styles and musical accompaniment. The genre is believed to have developed in the 1970s and 1980s in North America, although it expresses poetic-musical styles of ancient lineage. The spread of modern hip-hop or rap styles in Central Asia, as for many other world regions, seems to date to the 1990s, and sources suggest increasing prevalence and success from the first decade of the 21st century. Musically, hip-hop or rap is can be defined as a form of discourse speech in very driven rhythm. This paper will offer a historical and stylistic overview of the current state of hip-hop and rap performance and research in Central Asia. We will analyze performances by several artists and groups, including Scriptonite, Shoxrux, Soosan Firooz, Tata Ulan, and RapXana. Rap in Central Asia seems to share core characteristics in common with North American rap styles, but also reflect local cultural habits in music, lyrics, and choreographic presentation. The music is structured, in choice of sounds and instruments, in addition to the human voice, around typical a studio ensemble consisting of synthesizers, electronic bass and electronic percussion, with occasional additions of lutes, fiddles, flutes, and mouth harps; in harmony, we find that the minor key is common, including variants such as the harmonic minor (or hijaz) and minor pentatonic modes; tempos average between around 88 and 104 beats per minute, and frequently use a 4/4 meter and a backbeat, also prevalent in western hip-hop rhythmic practice; and songs may use riff-like melodic backgrounds over which the rappers deliver their verses in a "similar-style" with occasional chanted or more highly modulated melodic vocal refrains. Lyrics touch on a wide variety of topics including partying, the gangster life, the battlefields of love and romance, women's issues, politics and religion. Choreography emphasizes youth, modern dress, and a variety of hip-hop dance steps. Hip-hop, or rap, is rapidly becoming a major musical style across nations. It has strong commercial as well as consumer personal appreciation. This paper will attempt to explain the success of the genre in Central Asian cultural settings in comparative perspective to its success as a world-wide cultural and musical phenomenon.

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Paper long abstract

The proposed paper is based on the current project The Other East supported by the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art (Moscow). It focuses on the role of Central Asia for the development of esoterically inspired art, literature and music, the fate of esoteric artists living in Central Asia in the 20th century and their artistic and literary works.

My research is informed by two distinct methodologies, namely Post-colonial and Anthroposophical.

The choice of the former was made in the context of difficulties of applying post-colonial discourse to the relationship between Russia and its (former) Central Asian colonies. Since the last third of the 19th century, Central Asia has played the role of 'the Other' for the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation. This role is rarely subjected to post-colonial (or decolonial) criticism, in particular, in the field of art and the proposed paper addresses this issue.

My interest in Anthroposophical methods of research arises from the need to generate alternative meanings outside the traditional materialistic or postmodern discourses. Not only was Anthroposophy an important element of European and Russian cultures of the early 20th century, but it is also 'a scientific study of the spiritual world that seeks to overcome one-sidedness of materialism and ordinary mysticism' (Rudolf Steiner).

In this paper, I will discuss the life and work of several esoterically-inspired artists who lived in Central Asia from the 1920s to 1950s, mostly as political exiles or refugees. For the poet Maximilian Voloshin, a year spent in Turkestan (1900) marked his 'spiritual birth', whereas for Elena Vasilieva deportation to Tashkent marked a tragic end to her spiritual quest and physical life in 1928. The Anthroposophist Boris Lehman was deported to Almaty in 1926 where he worked as a musicologist and conductor. Other esoteric artists who spend years of their life in exile in Central Asia include Vladimir Sterligov, Isaak Itkind, Fedor Rostopichin, Rimma Nikolaeva, while the circle of 'Samarkand Pre-Raphaelites' (Daniil Stepanov, Alexey Isupov as well as Usto Mumin) seem to have sought recluse in Turkestan and inspiration in Sufism.

The post-colonial optics help to deconstruct the purely colonial perception of Central Asia as 'exotic East' as well as the ideological suppression of the esoteric artists' 'anti-Soviet' ideology and practices. The search for evidence of their esoteric experiences suggest that these were more common than was previously thought.