Paper short abstract:

The prospects of the admission of Uzbekistan as a World Trade Organization member create a need for a comprehensive legal analysis of future membership to this organization. The research is devoted to the perspectives of the tourism sphere in the conditions of Uzbekistan's joining the WTO.

Paper long abstract:

Participation in international tourism organizations and implementation of advanced practice of foreign countries in tourism development in Uzbekistan through close cooperation with partner countries are the important factors in the accelerated development of this sphere in Uzbekistan. Since 2017, tourism has become a strategic sector of the national economy, this sphere promotes the growth of the international prestige of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Now, theoretical and practical measures are being taken to activate the negotiations on the admission of the Republic of Uzbekistan as a World Trade Organization member. This creates a need for a comprehensive analysis of the prospects of membership to this organization. The research is devoted to the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) analysis of issues related to the prospects for signing, which plays an important role in further integrating the Republic of Uzbekistan into the global community and contributes to many debates. Researcher analyses the expected legal and institutional changes in tourism of Uzbekistan in the case of joining the organization. It was examined the experience of some WTO member states, that have been implemented the conditions of this agreement. Moreover, the researcher examined the experience of some WTO member states and elaborated recommendations on the regulation of tourism services, admission of foreign tourist companies to the national market in the conditions of accessing the WTO.

For Uzbekistan, further considerations and studies on various aspects of the activity of the WTO have major implications. Uzbekistan is actively engaged in the process of preparation for joining this organization. The relevance of the current issue to the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the need for the country's accession to the WTO is obvious.

The researcher recommends developing a Special Action Program on regulation tourism services, admitting foreign tourist companies to the market, and joining a number of agreements in the conditions of access to the WTO. In particular, on the basis of governmental regulation, it is advisable to elaborate effective legislation in the sphere of the tourism industry of Uzbekistan.

Paper short abstract:

It seems, that it is a time for a new generation of fundamental rights suitable for the digital age is required. How, then, to protect the rights in the Digital space, if they are not enshrined in law? The paper will try to find answers these questions.

Paper long abstract:

Can we talk about Human Rights in the Digital Space?

The main driving factor in the 21st century are the development of three super technologies: artificial intelligence, nanotechnology and biotechnology, which have the potential to radically change the life of society. Many researchers have argued for a fourth generation of human rights designed to deal with new Internet-related/Technologies-related situations.

The first generation of human rights protected citizens from the power of States. The second generation, which recognized social rights, proposed a State that guaranteed a decent life. The third generation of fundamental rights was consistent with globalization, proclaiming the right to peace and a healthy natural environment for all peoples on the planet.

It seems, that it is now time for the Law to limit exploitation and abuse, focused this time on protecting the individual from the mismanagement of technology. So, we have to talk about the time of the Digital Rights Development.

“Digital human rights are the extension and application of universal human rights to the needs of an information-based society... Basic digital human rights include the right to access an electronic network, the right to freely communicate and express opinions online, and the right to privacy.” Digital rights are also those human rights and legal rights that allow individuals to access, use, create a digital products, have a digital property and publish digital media or to access and use computers, other electronic devices, and telecommunications networks.

Therefore, a fourth generation of fundamental rights suitable for the digital age is required. The right to be forgotten, the right to a digital identity, and the right to online impartiality are only some components of human dignity and personality that have gone hand in hand with the original technological breakthrough, and must now be addressed.

However, not all States are ready to provide the special protection of those rights. For example, in the Kyrgyz Republic, there are no officially accepted definitions of the social networks, cyber insurance, digital rights, etc. How, then, to protect the rights in the Internet space, if they are not enshrined in law? How to protect Human Rights in the Digital Space? How should we act if digital rights are violated? The paper will try to find answers these questions.

The paper is based on the published articles, analytical researches, international and domestic regulations of the Central Asian States.

Paper short abstract:

The paper examines the Central Asian understanding and perspective of the rule of law. In particular, it explores how this understanding has been shaped and the paths it has taken.

Paper long abstract:

The rule of law is expressed in the idea that law can be the most effective and legitimate barrier against the discriminatory and arbitrary power of the ruler. The various legal traditions in which the rule of law has developed share common elements of the rule of law. However, the national context in which they have developed has a major impact on their content, normative character, and functioning in a particular legal system. This article examines the understanding and conceptualization of the rule of law by actors such as the European Union, Russia, and selected countries in the Central Asian region. This triangular analysis (1) contrasts the different understandings of the rule of law and (2) examines the extent to which the Soviet legacy and the Russian perspective shape the current Central Asian understanding of the rule of law and (3) how and whether European engagement in rule of law reform has changed it. After a thorough introduction to the different understandings of the rule of law, challenges such as conceptual weaknesses, legal legacies, and cultural and regional peculiarities are explained.