Short Abstract:

This qualitative research explores the potential of the capability approach to understand homelessness. Using Robeyns' framework, the study analyze the experiences of 19 individuals in transitional housing, delving into the intricate interplay of capabilities, functionings, and conversion factors. This approach deepens our understanding of homelessness for effective response and prevention efforts

Long Abstract:

RESEARCH CONTEXT

The problem of homelessness has taken on considerable magnitude in the Unites States and Europe over the last few decades. While a recent European consensus has been established on effective strategies to address homelessness (Baptista and Marlier, 2019), various authors have highlighted limitations in the current understanding of the phenomenon (Pleace, 2016; Fitzpatrick, 2005; Somerville, 2013; McNaughton, 2010). Current frameworks acknowledge the multi-causal and complex nature of homelessness, arising from diverse life processes and trajectories (Matulic-Domandzic, 2013). Nevertheless, there are several limitations, including a lack of recognition of personal agency and the failure to identify internally homogeneous subgroups and pathways in and out of homelessness (Pleace, 2016). Authors also emphasize the necessity of generating a framework that considers the context created by different welfare states (Benjaminsen, 2023; Benjaminsen, 2015; Stephens and Fitzpatrick, 2007).

This research explores the application of the capabilities approach as an alternative theoretical framework for the understanding of homelessness (Marshall et al., 2022). It provides insights into the processes of capability expansion and understanding the decision-making of individuals who have accessed housing services. By utilizing the elements described by Robeyns (2005) — capabilities, functionings, conversion factors, social context, agency, and adaptive preferences — the research aims to operationalize the capabilities approach within the field of homelessness, an area that still needs to be studied further (Watts & Fitzpatrick, 2020).

The application of the capability approach in the field of homelessness is not a novel concept. Advocates, including Wong, Stanton, and Sands (2014), endorse the capabilities approach for its emphasis on self-determination, agency, and choice as integral components of a high quality of life. Sacchetto et al. (2018) contend that the capabilities approach provides a valuable framework for assessing the effectiveness of homeless services and instigating systemic changes within these services. Indeed, recent studies have utilized the capabilities approach as a framework to gauge the effectiveness of homelessness services (Greenwood et al., 2023; Kerman et al., 2020).

METHODOLOGY

The present research is grounded in a case study that analyzes the experiences of individuals who have faced homelessness and participated in a program that provides shared accommodation in transitional housing with additional supportive services in Spain. The qualitative research delves into individual experiences through the application of workshops, in-person interviews, and telephone interviews as data gathering tools. The sample selection was intentional to ensure the representation of diverse gender, age, and nationality profiles. Nineteen participants were included in the study across three distinct stages of the intervention process: accessing the program (T0), nearing program exit (T1), and, finally, one year after leaving the program (T2). The questions incorporated into the workshops and interviews were designed in alignment with Robeyns' framework key elements (2005), such as conversion factors, social context, potential capabilities, expanded capabilities, adaptive preferences, real capabilities, choice, functionings and agency.

ANALYSIS

The results challenge the prevailing assumption that providing housing alone is sufficient for enhancing the well-being of individuals experiencing homelessness (Ferrullo, 2006). While housing addresses basic safety-related capabilities, it falls short of fulfilling the diverse range of capabilities that individuals value for their holistic well-being. Our findings underscore the nuanced and multifaceted nature of well-being, emphasizing that a one-size-fits-all housing solution is insufficient, as each person places different values on the physiological, emotional, territorial, ontological, and spiritual dimensions of home (Somerville, 2015).

Furthermore, our study sheds light on the significance of support structures and their role in expanding capabilities. The capabilities approach proves instrumental in identifying the intricacies of this process, elucidating the various conversion factors that either facilitate or hinder capability expansion. The dynamic relationship between individual needs and structural circumstances highlights the complexity of achieving comprehensive well-being within the context of homelessness (Pleace and Bretherton, 2017).

Moreover, our exploration of key aspects of well-being, such as employment and interpersonal relationships, underscores their pivotal role in the transformation of capabilities into functionings. The influence of conversion factors and social context, including mental health issues, substance abuse, and migration status, reveals the intricate challenges faced by individuals striving for long-term stability. Recognizing the diversity of capabilities and functionings among different profiles, including gender variations, underscores the need for a differentiated intervention approach (Bretherton, 2017; Muñoz et al., 2005).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the capabilities approach addresses the inherent limitations in current frameworks for understanding homelessness. This new nuanced understanding, that acknowledges the intricate interrelation of resources, services, capabilities, functionings and conversion factors, offers a broad new field of research with interesting applications in response and prevention efforts.