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- Convenor:
-
Yukitsugu Tabata
(Waseda University)
- Location:
- 2. Salle de cours rez-de-jardin MAE
- Start time:
- 7 July, 2015 at
Time zone: Europe/Paris
- Session slots:
- 3
Short Abstract:
Following the discoveries of new kiln sites, stoneware ceramics studies have became one of the big current in Cambodian archaeology. This panel aims at investigating stoneware production system and its distribution based on the newly found sites in Cambodia and other related place.
Long Abstract:
In past two decades, intensive research on the ancient kiln sites in Cambodia enabled us to start detailed studies on Khmer stoneware. High-fired and glazed stoneware industry in the Angkor society seems to appear with establishment of the Angkor dynasty and disappear with decline of the dynasty. It shows the strong relationship between dynastic demands and indigenous industry. Previously, Khmer stoneware ceramics studies mainly focused on the stylistic features of the products, rather than the production system or distribution pattern that will be a key factor for understanding the Angkor society. In this session, the convenor would like to invite scholars to examine Angkorian stoneware based on the newly found sites in Cambodia and other related place. The panel welcomes Khmer stoneware ceramic studies focused on the structure of the kiln, chronological and technical aspects of the production, special distribution, and analytical techniques.
Accepted papers:
Session 1Paper short abstract:
Khmer stoneware has an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology, and behavior of people in the past. In the Angkor region they are among the most common artifacts to be found in a variety of archaeological contexts, such as manufacturing and occupation sites.
Paper long abstract:
The 9th - 15th century Angkorian state combined Hindu and Buddhist ideologies in its statecraft and in its craft production. Potters distributed their goods throughout the Khmer empire's realm. The compression study in Khmer stoneware kiln structure and production scale with stoneware ceramics excavated from temple sites in the Greater Angkor region to understand local economic organization and technological style. This paper will focus on a Chain Opératoire to identify differences of stoneware production technology in a chronological of Angkorian Kilns. The understanding of vessel morphology, manufacturing techniques, formal decoration in Khmer stonewares, which could be used to reproduce the consumption patterns among temple and habitation sites.
Paper short abstract:
69 kilns at Cheung Ek in Cambodia produced pottery from the 5th to the early 13th century AD, with the wheel technique. This site was the most significant production center for the region. Stacked kilns produced earthenware to stoneware is an important discovery in the understanding of pottery.
Paper long abstract:
Cheung Ek, located in south of Cambodia, is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Lower Mekong Delta. Research has revealed 11 temple foundations, a massive circular earthwork, and a concentration of 69 ceramic kilns that include the first evidence of both earthenware and stoneware production at a single location. Based on the radiocarbon analysis the earthenware kilns date to the 5th century AD and produced a range of vessels such as cooking pots, small bottles, big bottles, and Fine Buffware Kendis, which represent the most common form. Traces on the surface of the earthenware vessels indicate the use of the wheel technique. The majority of kilns, however, were producing stonewares and included both low-fired and high-fired examples again using the wheel. Dating of four kilns so far shows a range of production from the late 7th till the early 13th century AD. Due to the increased demand for ceramics there is a comparable rise in the number of vessel breakage during the firing process. One mound shows evidence of numerous Fine Buffware sherds at the base with a stoneware kiln on the top. Re-use of this mound shows the long period of production at Cheung Ek and a stratigraphic development from earthenware up to stoneware kilns. This paper will discuss specific technological aspects of Cheung Ek ceramic manufacture including the unique presence of stacked kilns and the significance of this industrial production site to meet the utilitarian ceramic demands for everyday life in the region.
Paper short abstract:
New evidence of Khmer stoneware production comes from Cheung Ek, south of Angkor. It reveals a chronology from the 7th – 13th century, similiar to the kilns from the Greater Angkor region. This paper compares evidence for production and technologies from Cheung Ek and the Greater Angkor region.
Paper long abstract:
The study of Khmer stoneware ceramics has resumed afresh in this century after being on hold for many years. This is due to the new discovery of several Khmer stoneware kiln sites during the last years. Many of those kilns are located in the Greater Angkor region, along the ancient roads connecting Angkor to its former provinces, and south of the Angkorian centre, near the modern capital Phnom Penh (CEK). The excavation results of those kilns provide us with a better understanding of kiln structures and ceramic production from the time of the early to the post-Angkorian period.
CEK production center is located far from the Angkor region, south of modern Phnom Penh. According to the recent dating of Khmer stoneware ceramics, the CEK complex was producing stoneware during a similar time span like the kilns in the Greater Angkor region. However, the ceramic production at CEK is characterized by a unique typology, kiln technology, and decoration style distinguishing it from the ceramics produced at the Angkor region. This case study reviews similarities and differences of the various manufacturing technologies and typologies as well as the kiln structures from Cheung Ek and the Angkor region.
Paper short abstract:
This paper is an interim report of the new archaeological excavation at the Veal Svay kiln site. Based on our survey, it was revealed that the Veal Svay kiln tended to spcialize in production of brown glazed stoneware especially large jars and small unique items.
Paper long abstract:
The Veal Svay kiln site is located along the royal road to the Preah Khan of Kompong Svay. Our archaeological research projects has been conducted by Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Waseda University and APSARA Authority since 2013. There are three mounds at the Veal Svay kiln site and our survey was conducted at the Kiln No.1 which is the largest mound at this kiln site. Kiln 1 was found to be an oval-shaped aboveground kiln with a vent facing the south-southwest direction. Its kiln wall measures roughly 20cm high in its remaining state and the firing chamber measures roughly 1.8m at the widest.
Artifacts found from the Veal Svay kiln site can roughly classified into two types. Most of the unearthed artifacts are large, brown-glazes jars, with the addition of a few small, brown-graze unique items. No roof tiles have been unearthed from the site. Comparing to other kiln sites along the same royal road, this kiln site will continue to be examined, giving consideration to its relationship with the production of brown-glaze stone ware and roof tiles.
Paper short abstract:
The typological and archaeometrical results obtained on the brown-glazed stoneware of the Torp Chey kiln sites area will be presented. The analyses of stoneware from consumption sites give some ideas on the distribution of these kiln sites.
Paper long abstract:
Part of the Cerangkor project has concerned the brown-glazed stoneware from the area of Torp Chey. Several kiln sites have been prospected : Torp Chey, Veal Svay, Chong Samrong, Teuk Leck.
More than seventy samples of brown-glazed stoneware from the different kiln sites have been analysed chemically by XRF-WDS and twenty-five also petrographically. The typological and archaeometrical results obtained for the stoneware produced at each workshop are to be presented. The data indicate that the different kiln sites use similar raw materials suggesting the exploitation of the same geological formations for the whole area. Only one reference group has been therefore established, well distinguished from the other angkorian kiln sites.
Furthermore, the analyses of brown-glazed stoneware from consumption sites give some ideas on the distribution of these kiln sites.
Paper short abstract:
Excavations from 2004 to 2007 at Bakong temple have unearthed 3704 fragments of roof tiles. The results of their typological and technical study are presented and contextualized.
Paper long abstract:
Roof tiles are commonly found in production and consumption archaeological sites of the Angkor period. Since 2012, Choi Myongduk undertook research on this topic previously often overlooked.
The presentation will focus on the study of a corpus of 3704 roof tiles fragments unearthed during three excavation campaigns conducted from 2004 to 2006 as part of the mission led by Christophe Pottier at Bakong, around this major pyramid temple marking the heart of the Hariharâlaya capital.
The study of the characteristics of the roof tiles - shape, type of clay, firing method - has identified four types of cover tiles, 5 types of canal tiles, 2 types of various architectural elements and 5 provisional types of eve tiles, all corresponding to the beginning of the Angkorian period. Contextualized with the general evolution of roof tiles during the Angkor period (from the ninth to the fifteenth century), the technical characteristics of the Bakong roof tiles will be highlighted in comparison with a slightly later corpus studied at the Western Mebon.
Paper short abstract:
A pilot Neutron Activation Analysis study of stoneware from 4 kilns in the Angkor region demonstrates distinct elemental profiles for each complex even where geological context appears similar. Expanding this approach to other Khmer period kilns will provide new insights into patterns of exchange.
Paper long abstract:
Archaeological research at Khmer stoneware kiln sites in the last two decades, coupled with excavations in Greater Angkor, has resulted in a growing database of production centres and a better understanding of the range of stonewares produced. Unlike Chinese, or even some other SE Asian stonewares, Khmer stonewares appear to have been made specifically for distribution within the Khmer area of influence. This convergence between stoneware distribution and Khmer territorial extent suggests that Khmer stonewares may provide a valuable new proxy of Khmer political and economic dynamics.
An essential first step is to link stonewares from the wider Khmer territories to specific production centres. Here, we report on a preliminary data set of 600 Khmer stoneware sherds from previously excavated kilns in the Greater Angkor region (Bangkong, Tani A6, Thnal Mrech, and Torp Chey). We tested whether geochemical characterisation using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) can unambiguously 'fingerprint' the output of individual kiln complexes in Cambodia. Results show that we can, in most cases, differentiate even relatively closely spaced kiln sites. Over the next two years our Khmer stoneware ceramic study will use the same techniques to investigate the wider internal economic and political developments of the Angkorian polity. We are actively seeking collaboration with colleagues throughout the region to study fluctuations in stoneware production and exchange in relation to the expansion and contraction of Khmer power.
Paper short abstract:
This paper reports on an investigation of several stoneware production sites at the periphery of the Khmer Polity with a focus on innovation processes.
Paper long abstract:
An investigation of the morphological and geochemical characteristics of glazed stoneware found at sites peripheral to the Ankorian Core. The study uniquely combines analyses of museum collections, legacy archaeological collections and surface collections. Discussion includes analyses of unreported kiln sites in southern Cambodia and Thailand.
Paper short abstract:
Basing on this survey of stoneware production in Compong Cham and Pa Kalan villages in norhteast Cambodia , we try to conduct a comparative report of stoneware production in Northeast Thailand, South Laos, central Vietnam and kilns of Angkorean.
Paper long abstract:
In November 2014,I conducted a survey of stoneware production in Compong Cham and Pa Kalan villages in norhteast Cambodia , Mr. Non Nan(sixty years old) and his wife (Fang Song) showed the basic process for us.
Compong Cham and Pa Kalan's in-ground kiln is unique. Its brown ash-glaze gives us some information about how to make ash-glaze.
In Compong Cham and Pa Kalan, the technology of forming preforms is basically similar to that in Northeast Thailand, South Laos and central Vietnam.In this area，there is a trade network of brown ash-glazed pots across national boundaries.rice beer jars with brown ash-glaze is staple.
The recent excavation of kilns within the Angkor area gives an expanding basis for understanding such technology.
By an analysis of shards from Torp Chey and Chong Samrong kilns, we found some evidences of technology: making a base at first, forming a preform with coil, decorating horizontal bands, applying brown ash-glaze and so on.The technology of forming preforms in Compong Cham and Pa Kalan will contributes to a deeper understand of technologies of Torp Chey and Chong Samrong.