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- Convenors:
-
Stefan Ouma
(University of Bayreuth)
RICHARD MBUNDA (University of Dar es Salaam)
Leiyo Singo (University of Bayreuth)
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- Chair:
-
Eugen Pissarskoi
(University of Tuebingen)
- Format:
- Panel
- Streams:
- Economy and Development (x) Futures (y)
- Location:
- Philosophikum, S87
- Sessions:
- Thursday 1 June, -
Time zone: Europe/Berlin
Short Abstract:
This panel discusses alternatives to the mainstream bioeconomy narrative. Its core idea -- an economy that respects environmental limits and provides enough resources for a fulfilling life -- contains space for a plurality of interpretations, which we seek to showcase with a view from Africa.
Long Abstract:
The policy field of "bioeconomy" has emerged in the Global North as an attempt to unify the goals of climate change mitigation and sustaining economic growth. It envisions an economy that deploys only renewable resources. Although policies based on it have been directed at economies of the Global North, it is obvious that a transformation of the resource base from fossils to renewables will have tremendous impacts on economies of the Global South, including land-rich economies in Africa.
Scholars and activists from the Degrowth movement in the Global North have been criticizing the ethical and epistemic presuppositions of the mainstream bioeconomy narrative and its underlying notions of modernity and progress. However, the voices of African stakeholders remain scarce.
This panel intends to present views from Africa on alternatives to the mainstream bioeconomy narrative. Its core idea -- an economy that respects environmental limits and provides enough resources for a fulfilling life -- contains space for a plurality of interpretations for which we use the notion "bio_economy". The goal of the panel is to identify and discuss African variants of this plurality.
Particularly, we invite contributions that present voices from members of social groups in Africa which find themselves at the margins of public or political debates about their conceptions of desirable land-use, agriculture, or other areas relevant for a bioeconomy; their attitudes to agricultural technologies, GMOs, notions of productivity; their conceptions of a fulfilling life; strategies for politicization of marginalized visions of land-use, agriculture, pastoralism etc.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Thursday 1 June, 2023, -Paper short abstract:
This paper discusses recent decisions by the Government of Tanzania against Maasai pastoralists in Ngorongoro, including relocation of those who cohabit with wild animals in the NCA world heritage site. It enquires on how the decisions were reached by paying attention to the principle of FPIC.
Paper long abstract:
The Ngorongoro district (with its divisions of Loliondo, Ngorongoro and Sale) has experienced land use conflicts for several decades emanating from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) and the recently renamed Pololeti Game Controlled Area. The NCA is famous worldwide and it has been categorized as the world heritage site for inhabiting a variety of fauna and flora and the cohabitation of wildlife species together with livestock and human beings. Insights of empirical data on the Ngorongoro conflict have established the adoption two major decisions that are being implemented by the government of Tanzania namely relocating Maasai from their ancestral land for which they have a legal claim; and the proposal by the Multiple Land Use Management Review Panel for the alteration of the NCA boundaries, a move that will affect more pastoral communities even in other districts. These decisions are guided by the mainstream bioeconomy narrative and fortress conservation, instead of broad consultations with the potential victims of the decisions. Moreover, the relocation exercise is not guided by the principle of free, prior, and informed consent. It is concluded that, these decisions deny the communities the right to participate in the conservation processes. An attempt to relocate or to forcefully change the lifestyle of pastoral communities is likened to fitting a round peg into a square hole, which is likely to leave behind horrendous socio-economic and cultural ramifications.
Paper short abstract:
With this paper, I provide empirical evidence that pastoralists imagine the notions of a good life and sustainable land use in different ways: ones that remain hidden, unrecognized, or unappreciated by the mainstream. Fieldwork research was carried out in two Districts in northern Tanzania.
Paper long abstract:
With this paper, I provide empirical evidence that pastoralists imagine the notions of a good life and sustainable land use in different ways: ones that remain hidden, unrecognized, or unappreciated by the mainstream. The results of my interviews with members of Maasai pastoralists in Northern Tanzania, about their conceptions of a good life and desirable land use shed light on recent debates on bioeconomy or socio-ecological transformations. However, I do not generalize pastoralists as a homogeneous group: indeed, parts of them endorse the dominant conception about constituents of a good life and sustainable land use. Yet, parts of them endorse conceptions akin to the claims from the Degrowth movement in the Global North -that is radical transformation of the established socio-economic institutions (e.g., property rights, welfare systems). Degrowth advocates attack the established notions of “development”, “modernity”, or “progress”. They argue that these notions endorse a conception of a good life which neglects some essential constituents i.e., autonomy, care, and conviviality. Since the Maasai pastoralists regard these relational values and meaningful activities as essential constituents of a good life but are hardly realizable within capitalistic economies, some of their members reject accordingly a capitalistic organization of economies (land and livestock). I argue that this is not merely a replication of the global North’s Degrowth discourses but rather points to an alternative, indigenous development thinking, and practice grounded in the history of the Maasai pre-colonialism/capitalism.
Paper short abstract:
This paper presents Tanzanian smallholder coffee farmers’ conceptions of a good life and of desirable land use as well as their motivations and moral reasons for land use. It additionally scrutinizes interconnections or dependencies between these conceptions as well as motivations for land use.
Paper long abstract:
In this paper, I present results of my fieldwork with smallholder coffee farmers in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, close to Mt Meru and Mt Kilimanjaro where land is a scarce natural resource. First, I present their conceptions of a good life, focusing on material and relational aspects for their own and their children’s lives as well as for their farms. Second, I present smallholder farmers’ visions of land use. These differ between their home gardens where they grow crops for home consumption and their farms where they cultivate crops for market use and staple foods. Finally, I present smallholder farmers’ motivations and (moral) reasons to use and cultivate their land the way they do. In doing so, I emphasize the possible connection between different conceptions of a good life and different visions of land use which result in different moral and practical reasons for cultivating a farm, engaging and teaching fellow farmers, using agro-chemicals, pride in being a farmer, and more. I will explore whether it is possible to identify different connections or dependencies between notions of a good life and land use options as I discuss their motivations and (moral) reasons.