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- Convenors:
-
Thomas Hüsken
(University of Bayreuth)
Wolfgang Zeller (University of Edinburgh)
Georg Klute (University of Bayreuth)
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- Stream:
- Politics and International Relations
- Location:
- Appleton Tower, Room M1
- Sessions:
- Thursday 13 June, -
Time zone: Europe/London
Short Abstract:
The political developments in Libya, Tunisia, Chad, and northern Mali represent the renegotiation of the post-colonial political order. Saharan borderlands have turned into spaces of uncontrolled transgressive practices operated by trans-local actors.
Long Abstract:
Researchers have pointed out the manifold connections inside and across the Sahara, linking groups, places, and regions to another and shaping thus identities, social life, politics, economy or culture of the entities being connected. However, the current political developments in Libya, Tunisia, Chad, and northern Mali stand for a very particular and challenging time. They represent nothing less than the renegotiation of the post-colonial political order. The toppling of authoritarian regimes (in Libya and Tunisia) and the subsequent disintegration of Libya in adversary post-revolutionary camps and regions, the continuing Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali, accompanied by the rise of transnational Islamist and Jihadist forces have led, among other things, to the fragmentation of state structures, to more heterogeneity in politics, and to the emergence of non-state power groups which gain relevance on the complex political stage.
The Saharan borderlands have turned into spaces of almost uncontrolled transgressive practices mostly operated by trans-local actors who rely on older connectivities or have been able to establish new ones. However, the Sahara has also turned into a globalized space in which international actors try to lay their hands on the Local, by imposing regimes of migration control, fight wars against terrorism, or seek to stabilize post-colonial states by military interventions. The panel seeks to address these processes. It also aims to tackle methodological and ethical questions related to research in the context of danger zones.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Thursday 13 June, 2019, -Paper short abstract:
The deterioration of the security situation in the trans-Saharan space has become a significant challenge for fieldwork that involves methodological, epistemological as well as ethical questions.
Paper long abstract:
The deterioration of the security situation in the trans-Saharan space has become a significant challenge for fieldwork that involves methodological, epistemological as well as ethical questions. The paper aims to tackle these issues and discuss how to deal with research in the context of danger zones. Threat, experiences of violence or victimization, and generalized insecurity (caused by governments, politico-religious movements and conflict parties) have massively changed the character of fieldwork in Libya. Participant observation is developing into involuntary participation in local political arenas. Researchers become vulnerable actors in turbulent political environments who often have to take sides to gain security. This involves political and normative choices that may compromise academic neutrality. Many researchers have experienced total exclusion from their research sites by ongoing violent conflicts or by government policies (no visa or bans). In this case anthropology is about to become a discipline without people and places. The paper will discuss the moral and ethical dimension of these developments and it will also look at emerging methodological practices such as: research on neutral grounds, ethnography through social networks, research based on fixers and the knowledge of local experts, and embedded or engaged anthropology.
Paper short abstract:
Northern Mali has been characterised by incomplete political arrangements because of limited state capacity. Contributing to conflicts, such patterns have also been characteristic of the political control exercised during conflicts, as by Islamists. Certain local dynamics partly invert this pattern.
Paper long abstract:
The recent conflict in Northern Mali, with its expansion to Central Mali, makes apparent political arrangements predominating in the area for several decades. In spite of democratisation, conflict and external intervention, political activity exhibits certain patterns of considerable continuity. Essentially, no power-holder since decolonisation has established integral political control in the area. The Malian state relied on local chiefs as relays, being itself of limited capacity. The peace process after the rebellion of the 1990s and the decentralisation accompanying it maintained an arrangement of local chiefs entertaining links with local state representatives. This failed to provide integral state services or security in Northern Mali. Struggles for access to resources from the state, and rivalry among Northern Malian elites, have fed into two subsequent conflicts. With the participation of Islamists in 2012, territorial control was achieved. In reality, the control of Islamists relied on comparable mechanisms of indirect control. After external military intervention, political control remains limited to the main agglomerations. Insecurity, including Islamists activity, is most pronounced in rural areas of limited priority. Opportunistically, Islamists mobilise local people in Central Mali and increasingly in Burkina Faso through their dissatisfaction with the state and local elites. Ironically, the influence of Islamists depends on the use of local relays like others before them. As political relations fluctuate, they are at times more enabling, as will be shown with examples from the Gourma area in Northern Mali. Such incomplete political arrangements may sometimes partially work if they reflect local concerns.
Paper short abstract:
The paper aims to explain the divergent political trajectories of Mali and Niger after the conflagration of Libya in 2011, by focusing on the impact of drug trafficking on local patronage networks and order-making.
Paper long abstract:
How do we understand and explain continuities and disruptions in the making and un-making of Saharan states? While mainstream political science and IR theories have often taken statehood for granted, the logic of order-making in African polities remains relatively poorly understood. Through the lenses of historical political sociology, recent scholarship has shed light on decentralised, bottom-up patterns of order-making and un-making that are rooted in the agency of big men, their trans-local networks and their policing. Building on this perspective, the paper investigates the divergent trajectories followed by Mali and Niger after the conflagration of Libya in 2011, in spite of structural similarities. Navigating analytical tensions between longue-durée perspectives and a micro-political economic focus, we focus on how the rise of cross-border extralegal networks of drug trafficking has deformed and transformed the distribution of the symbolic and material resources of power and legitimacy in the Saharan space. The paper hypothesises that these dynamics - filtered through ambiguous international programmes of security assistance and stabilisation - have impacted differently on the making of a neopatrimonial political order in Mali and Niger, resulting in different degrees of resilience vis-à-vis the destabilisation of the Saharan regional security complex. These claims are corroborated by data collected during extensive fieldwork that we have conducted in Mali and Niger since 2013.