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Short abstract

This study introduces the concept of “Earth–space extractivism” to discuss the interdependencies between Earth- and space-based extractivism, with a focus on polar and lunar Earth–space infrastructures. Historically Inflected Jurisprudence (HIJ) could reveal how this manifests in international law.

Long abstract

(This abstract summarises the current phase of the research design for a future academic article.) The definition of Earth–space infrastructures can be broadened to encompass governance issues relating to the increasing interdependencies between terrestrial and extraterrestrial space infrastructures. Specifically, a triadic relationship is emerging between Earth–space infrastructures in the Arctic, in Antarctica, and on the Moon, comprising spaceports, ground stations, and settlement projects. Meanwhile, concerns are mounting regarding extractivism associated with these infrastructures and its impact on environmental integrity. Building on the documented evolution of the concept of extractivism, the study puts forward the concept of ‘Earth–space extractivism’ to highlight the interconnections between terrestrial and extraterrestrial extractivisms. Then, although governance issues pertaining to Earth–space infrastructures are interdependent, it is unclear how Earth–space extractivism manifests in relevant international law. Focusing on environmental integrity issues, this study discusses the applicability of the Historically Inflected Jurisprudence (HIJ) method to analyse Earth–space extractivism associated with Earth–space infrastructures at the Earth’s poles and on the Moon. Challenges do emerge, including the relationship between the Volksgeist theory, at the core of HIJ, and the international structure of space law; the growing influence of non-State actors; and the differences between the Arctic and the global commons. However, this study suggests that HIJ could reveal how Earth–space extractivism is reflected in relevant treaties and agreements, as well as in customary norms, common practices, and shared principles — the collective behaviour of spacefaring nations.