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Short abstract

As lunar activity increases, safety zones are emerging as a practical means of preventing harmful interference. This paper asks when they remain lawful tools of coordination, and when they begin to function as exclusionary mechanisms around scarce and strategically valuable lunar sites.

Long abstract

Plans for sustained lunar activity are forcing an old legal vocabulary into a more concrete setting. Once several actors are operating on the lunar surface at the same time, “due regard” can no longer remain an abstract obligation. Safety zones have emerged as one way of translating it into practice. Presented in the Artemis Accords as a means of avoiding harmful interference, they offer a way to manage proximity around landing sites, infrastructure, and surface operations. Yet they also raise a harder question: when does coordination begin to resemble exclusion, especially where access is uneven and certain lunar sites carry exceptional scientific or strategic value?

This paper reads Articles I, II, IX, XI and XII of the OST alongside the Moon Agreement, NASA’s Lunar Landing and Operations Policy Analysis, the Hague Building Blocks, ATLAC discussions, and debates on cislunar security. It asks what makes a safety zone appear to be a legitimate measure of coordination rather than an early form of enclosure. My argument is that the problem lies in the design. A temporary zone, tied to a demonstrable hazard, notified, and open to consultation, is easier to defend under due regard. A zone that is vague or attached to scarce sites begins to test the line between protection and exclusion. Framed this way, such zones are part of a wider struggle over how the Moon will be shared, and over whether future lunar governance will be organised around coexistence and stewardship, or around priority for those who arrive first.

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Short abstract

Sociotechnical imaginaries of sustainability in outer space are investigated through a social study of bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs). Ecological imaginaries of outer space about future colonisation of other planets, closure and circularity, and space farming are presented.

Long abstract

Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are technological assemblages designed to sustain human life in long-term space missions and planetary settlements thanks to the regeneration of oxygen and water, and producing food for the crew. At present, BLSS is a concept for the future, along with all social and cultural implications that such a project might have for scientists, astronauts, or humanity at large. As BLSSs are centred on the conception of terrestrial ecosystems, and on how the latter’s peculiar conditions can be reproduced and engineered into human habitats in extraterrestrial environments, this scientific domain relies on, and at the same time conveys, imaginations of human-environment relationships that need to be framed into new ecological configurations projected into outer space. Hence, this contribution aims at presenting these imaginations, building on the concepts of sociotechnical imaginaries, and, therefore, discussing them as future scenarios that bridge current technological capabilities and knowledge of earthly ecosystems, and their reconfiguration in outer space (or in extreme environments on Earth). The proposal relies theoretically on concepts from STS and Social Studies of Outer Space (SSOS) and empirically on a qualitative analysis of the scientific literature and web-based popular communication relevant to BLSS and space farming, the contribution presents three sociotechnical and ecological imaginaries: the resurgence of space colonisation, a circular future in closed environments, and the theme of the astronaut as a farmer. These imaginaries depict a desirable and attainable future relating to human existence as possibly independent from terrestrial resources and, thereby, projected onto otherworldly scenarios.

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Short abstract

This research reinterprets systemic risk misperceptions and cognitive traps, as identified by the authors of "The Limits to Growth", in light of contemporary challenges to space sustainability, particularly the proliferation of space debris.

Long abstract

The sustainability challenges currently faced in outer space governance closely mirror those previously encountered on Earth, particularly in relation to climate change, resource overuse, and systemic risk misperception. Drawing on systems thinking developed by Dr. Donella Meadows in “Limits of Growth”, this paper examines how persistent misconceptions in human understanding of complex systems undermine resilience in space activities. These misconceptions, such as inappropriate framing, misjudgement of exponential growth, delayed responsibility, and over reliance on technological fixes, are analysed through the lens of space sustainability.

The analysis further highlights how uncertainty, feedback delays, and autonomous system behaviour, well-documented in Earth’s climate system, are equally present in orbital environments. The growing collision risks exemplifies how unaddressed systemic dynamics can propagate across sectors. Moreover, technological advances such as active debris removal illustrate the limits of technology-driven sustainability when social norms, values, and security concerns constrain their implementation.

By applying Meadows’ system archetypes, the paper identifies key governance traps in space sustainability, including the tragedy of the commons, resistance to external influence, and the pursuit of false goals. It argues that resilience can be strengthened by rebuilding feedback loops between actions and consequences, redefining collective goals, and prioritising unified governance frameworks over fragmented regimes. Ultimately, the paper contends that lessons from Earth’s sustainability failures and successes must inform space governance if outer space is to remain a resilient, equitable, and usable environment for future generations.

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Short abstract

This study introduces the concept of “Earth–space extractivism” to discuss the interdependencies between Earth- and space-based extractivism, with a focus on polar and lunar Earth–space infrastructures. Historically Inflected Jurisprudence (HIJ) could reveal how this manifests in international law.

Long abstract

(This abstract summarises the current phase of the research design for a future academic article.) The definition of Earth–space infrastructures can be broadened to encompass governance issues relating to the increasing interdependencies between terrestrial and extraterrestrial space infrastructures. Specifically, a triadic relationship is emerging between Earth–space infrastructures in the Arctic, in Antarctica, and on the Moon, comprising spaceports, ground stations, and settlement projects. Meanwhile, concerns are mounting regarding extractivism associated with these infrastructures and its impact on environmental integrity. Building on the documented evolution of the concept of extractivism, the study puts forward the concept of ‘Earth–space extractivism’ to highlight the interconnections between terrestrial and extraterrestrial extractivisms. Then, although governance issues pertaining to Earth–space infrastructures are interdependent, it is unclear how Earth–space extractivism manifests in relevant international law. Focusing on environmental integrity issues, this study discusses the applicability of the Historically Inflected Jurisprudence (HIJ) method to analyse Earth–space extractivism associated with Earth–space infrastructures at the Earth’s poles and on the Moon. Challenges do emerge, including the relationship between the Volksgeist theory, at the core of HIJ, and the international structure of space law; the growing influence of non-State actors; and the differences between the Arctic and the global commons. However, this study suggests that HIJ could reveal how Earth–space extractivism is reflected in relevant treaties and agreements, as well as in customary norms, common practices, and shared principles — the collective behaviour of spacefaring nations.

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Short abstract

This paper offers a feminist reimagining of the futures of AI in astrobiology. Combining philosophy, critical theory, and speculative fiction, 'alliance astrobiology' envisions futures of human-AI transformation made possible by an active embrace of epistemic diversity in both humans and machines.

Long abstract

This paper offers a feminist reimagining of the futures of AI in astrobiology: the study of the origin, distribution, and evolution of life in the universe. The integration of AI in astrobiology has redefined the form and structure of knowledge production in this arena, transforming understandings of the cosmos through the interplay of human and machine knowledges. This paper seeks to ascertain the limits of this transformation when the field is envisioned through the lens of a non-biocentric feminist epistemology. From this perspective, epistemic evolution occurs when divergent forms of knowledges are brought into contact. In the era of AI, this demands not only an embrace of peripheralised human knowledges, but an embrace of the epistemic powers of the machine, an inhuman knower that expands access to reality through computational methods. This paper unifies feminist philosophy and critical theory with speculative fiction to envision 'alliance astrobiology': alternative futures in which the unification of divergent forms of human and machine knowledges are embraced to transform what the human can become. The task is not only to speculate on the possibilities of feminist technofutures, but to use such visions as a novel site for reflection, to critically analyse the architectures of inclusion and exclusion that characterise astrobiology today.

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Short abstract

Humanity is set to return to the Moon, and eventually onto Mars and beyond. To achieve this, the extraction and use of space resources will be essential. This paper examines how space resources can be used to ensure sustainability and resilience both in space and on Earth.

Long abstract

In the coming years, humanity is set to return to the Moon and begin to establish a long-term permanent presence. To successfully achieve this, the identification, extraction, processing, and use of lunar resources to be used in-situ on the Moon will be essential. This paper examines how lunar resources can be used in a sustainable and resilient way, the role of circularity and resource recycling on the Moon, and how achievements on the lunar surface could help to create a more sustainable and resilient Earth. Following this, the paper explores future scenarios of humanity’s exploration of the solar system using the Moon as a stepping stone, in particular, examining what sustainability and resilience mean in the context of future human missions to Mars and other solar system bodies. Consideration is given to possible outcomes for Earth-space sustainability from the mining of asteroids for their resources and the creation of a ‘space resources economy’. Causal connections regarding sustainability and resilience are examined across the three domains of: Earth, Moon, Deep Space, which informs a framework for ensuring that future space exploration is sustainable and resilient.