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- Convenors:
-
Bruna Alvarez Mora
(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)
Violeta Salazar (Universidade Federal do Amazonas - Brasil)
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- Formats:
- Panel
- Mode:
- Online
- Sessions:
- Thursday 18 July, -, -
Time zone: Europe/Madrid
Short Abstract:
Children and sexuality produces a clash of moralities. While children access easily to pornography at early ages, there is not a social consensus about sex education at schools. This panel seeks to understand how currently children experience sexuality.
Long Abstract:
The words children and sexuality produce a clash of moralities in the contemporary world. Culturally, children are considered innocent and asexual in EuroAmerican cultures. However, the access of children to pornography before 12 years old appears as a contemporary thread in several European countries. While technology is understood as a social surveillance mechanism, there are tremendous difficulties in protecting children from sexual or violent content online. France has been the first country in the world to guarantee to arrive at 18 years old through a government-licensed digital certification to be able to access pornography. There is not a social consensus on mandatory sex education in primary and secondary schools. If it exists, it is mainly focused on risks, such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Comprehensive Sex Education, based on scientific research and children rights, suggests focusing on pleasure, consent and self-confidence. In addition, the rollback of sexual and reproductive rights enacted by right-wing parties in for example, the United States, Hungary, Poland or Italy, has an impact on sex education. Hungary forbids children from accessing any information suspicious of "promoting" homosexuality. Florida Governor forbids sexual education to 12-year-olds, including talking about menstruation, and some religious moral frameworks in South and North America consider that sex education is a parent's right. However, what these moral frameworks have in common is the children's views exclusion in these debates. This panel aims to contribute to the understanding of children's, families and teachers' experiences regarding the clash of moralities in children's sexuality.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Thursday 18 July, 2024, -Paper Short Abstract:
Early access to pornography by children in Spain contrasts the vision of asexual infancies. Our study explored explicit content's impact on children aged 9-11, using drawings to prompt discussions. Findings reject pornography's educational value, emphasizing the need for sexual education programs.
Paper Abstract:
Infancy, historically seen as asexual (Davies & Robinson, 2010), contrasts with recent findings of pornography consumption starting at age 8 in Spain (Ballester & Orte, 2019). This discrepancy has sparked societal concern, as reflected in the Spanish press. Our study's primary objective was to explore the nature, usage patterns, information sources, and coping mechanisms related to explicit sexual content accessed by children aged 9 to 11. Throughout 2022-2023 our research engaged in 27 focus groups involving over 250 children from nine schools in the province of Barcelona. We used drawings as narrative triggers (Eldén, 2013), to encourage discussions and insights among the participants. The collected data underwent a qualitative analysis employing discourse analysis and visuals. Initial findings reveal a significant deviation from conventional literature, which suggests pornography serves as a learning tool for children (Save the Children, 2020; Diputació de Barcelona, 2023). Contrarily, our results indicate that, through family dialogue and guidance, children do not perceive pornography as educational but rather seek it for pleasure. Furthermore, our study revealed children's adeptness at devising strategies to avoid unwanted content and combat online risks like bullying or grooming. However, it also unveiled the perpetuation of gender disparities within accessed content and the methods by which they access it. These findings underscore the pressing need for affective-sexual education programs tailored to children's requirements. Our aim is to advocate for the development of such programs and to offer guidance for parents and teachers on initiating meaningful conversations about these sensitive topics with children.
Paper Short Abstract:
This article aims to describe the transmission of knowledge and moral values in the mother-child relationship, intersecting with educational, reproductive, and health policies for women and children in the Amazon.
Paper Abstract:
Contemporary studies on sexual education in Brazil identify challenges based on some demands made by mothers and fathers, supporters of values such as that sexual education should be applied by the family and not by the school. A decolonial perspective is sought through the discourses of these women-mothers, emphasizing the need for educational policies resonating with the challenges and opportunities presented by mothering, such as in Amazonian contexts. The diversity of motherhoods recognized through the Amazonian mothering and many others, guide the conception of worlds that are culturally sensitive to sexual education and reproductive health policies.
This article aims to describe the transmission of knowledge and moral values in the mother-child relationship, intersecting with educational, reproductive, and health policies for women and children in the Amazon. It focuses on how motherhood shapes educational paradigms, promoting values, traditions, and potential gender inequalities and violence in the sexual experiences of girls and boys, in the region. From the perspective of Brazilian feminist anthropology and gender studies in the Brazilian Amazon, this ethnographic article discusses the influences of mothering on sex-affective educational dynamics and sexual and reproductive health.
Critically visualizing that family environments shape moralities towards sexuality implies that "home-based sex education" reproduces gender inequalities, contrasting with the equity values of sex education in schools, even in an Amazonian city. Two ethnographic cases, of women-mothers of young people, will allow us to analyze accessibility and awareness of public health care policies for women and men - daughters and sons.
Paper Short Abstract:
We present the dynamics of the lives of young people in situations of sexual exploitation in Manaus, Amazonas, presenting the network of sexual exploitation in which these girls are inserted, discussing gender, heteronormativity and feminine ideals.
Paper Abstract:
This paper presents research on sexual exploitation of adolescents in the Amazon. We analyzed this complex phenomenon based on two social networks that operated in the lives of girls in situations of sexual exploitation. One of them, known as a protection network, where professionals linked to the state and NGOs worked to remove these girls from situations of sexual exploitation. The other exploitation network, called by them the “rede do babado” presented itself as a crucial native category for understanding the sexual exploitation of young people. We emphasize the description of the " rede do babado" in this text, since this is the "exploitation network", and offers an in-depth analysis of the "solidarity" networks present in the logics related to sexual exploitation in the Amazon region. Using an ethnographic exercise, we seek to highlight the importance of adopting the perspectives of adolescents to name and understand this network, contributing to a broadening of perspective on the topic. Additionally, explores gender theories considering the place of adolescents, conducting a critical analysis of the heteronormative representations that shape feminine ideals. This research highlights the relevance of apprehending the "rede do babado" as an intrinsic native category, thus enriching our understanding of the complexity of adolescent sexual exploitation in the Amazon, through an anthropological lens. By fostering a culturally contextualized understanding, this study seeks not only to expand academic knowledge, but also to problematize the topic with a more sensitive approach that can get closer to the reality of young women.
Paper Short Abstract:
Our research presents the sexual initiation of young girls living in a countryside town of Amazonas state, in Brazil, and discusses gender, sexuality and sexual abuse.
Paper Abstract:
In this paper we present the research carried out in the municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, a countryside town in Amazonas (Brazil) about the sexual initiation of young girls who graduated from a public educational institution, which offers professional education integrated with secondary education. The research was developed with girls who are currently over 18 years old, who had graduated from the institution, with the aim of understanding how they describe their first sexual experiences, their affections and their role in these experiences. There were several stories in which young women participating in the research experienced sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence, as well as situations in which their first sexual relationship occurred with a teacher, emphasizing the relationship of hierarchical inequality between those involved, which made it difficult for the researchers to work, because it was an ethical issue about reporting the teacher, since sex with minors under 14 is, by law, presumed rape. However, what caught our attention the most was how young women dissociate situations of sexual abuse from consensual sexual initiation. By broadening our view of sexual initiation to the processes involved until the culmination of sex, we realize that several situations that precede sexual interaction are abusive but ignored or naturalized and when talking about sex, gender, affections and choices, girls disconnect sex by their own choice due to the abuse they suffered during their lives. And in this context, sex with a teacher is described as a personal choice.
Paper Short Abstract:
Currently, gender and sex are subjects of debate in society. Our study explores how children understand gender and sex. Some results vary, showing a greater awareness of gender, sexual, and bodily identities, politically correct discourses, and the reproduction of the sex/gender system.
Paper Abstract:
In the current context of Spain and Catalonia, gender is under trouble. The debate over the trans and LGBTQI law (Law 4/2023) has fostered the use of terms that define orientations, performativities, corporealities, and identities, socially located on the periphery of the hierarchy of the sex/gender system that prioritizes heteronormativity (Rubin, 1975). Previously there was silence around these identities ensuring conformity to the norm (Flores, 2010) and the production of normality (Foucault, 1975). However, currently, the marker of difference is named, whereas what is considered "normal" does not need to be mentioned.
This paper shows how children between 9 and 11 years old understand sex and gender. Considering that the same distinction between them as biology/culture assumes that gender itself constitutes sexual difference as a natural fact (Butler, 1999). Some preliminary results, generated within the context of the SexAFIN project, show a greater awareness of terms to define gender, sexual, and bodily identities among children, although not necessarily for labeling what is considered "normal." However, as the binary sex/gender system is a part of the social structure, it continues to reproduce itself when discussing and understanding sexuality. Simultaneously, politically correct discourses on equality are also present.
Paper Short Abstract:
This paper challenges the highly fictionalized and politicized notion of children’s innocence by comparing it to the erotic folklore of children, while also looking at traditional Romanian practices to normalize the sexuality of girls and boys.
Paper Abstract:
For many years now, Romania has been holding the record for the highest number of teenage (15 to 19 years old) pregnant girls, but also that of underaged (under 15) pregnant girls. UNICEF, who identified poverty and poor education as important causes of this phenomenon, recommended national campaigns of sexual education. This never happened in Romanian schools due to the opposition of the Church and of other organizations attached to what they call “traditional values”, claiming that, by prohibiting access to that information, they actually protect the innocence of the children. This paper examines the Romanian erotic folklore of children while also looking at the traditional practices of adults to normalize the sexuality of girls and boys. Besides offering a clue about how this “innocence” really looks like, my paper points to the fact that much of the traditional ways of controlling and shaping the sexuality of children reflect local adult fears and old superstitions. However, the idealized and fictionalized innocence of children has become a rhetorical spear head in the euro-skeptical discourse, and also a cardinal theme of local far-right politicians.