Paper short abstract:

Capabilities theory can be expanded to allow for collective strategic agency, which plans for influence and managing empathy. The theory contrasts with the productivity narrative. We carried out field research in rural north central India and rural Bangladesh. Case-study narratives are presented.

Paper long abstract:

This paper explores how capabilities theory can be expanded to allow for collective strategic agency (taking into account simpler, medium and complex forms of agency). The expanded theory improved upon the standard use of concepts from the productivity narrative, such as Gross Domestic Product and growth. Gender and development theory also helps shape analyses of women and their work, but it is also expanded by adding self-respect, dignity, shame slippage and pride as elements in the dynamics of achieving a good life.

We carried out field research in rural north central India and rural Bangladesh with a mixture of 86 interviews and 3400 personal questionnaire surveys. The informal sector is where women mainly work, yet in that work their loss of dignity arose from sexist expectations about task allocation. Some roles are seen locally as suited only to men. Women felt tensions between shame, shame slippage, and pride. Again, an expansion of 'Gender and Development' (GAD) theory is needed. Empathy, planning horizon, and the logic of planned influence are all part of collective and personal strategic action. By taking such action, improved personal mental health may arise.

I present case-studies of the suffering and achievement of dignity of a few women. Women's capacity for third-order strategic thinking became explicit. Self-respect is within their grasp. A new discourse around work is emerging. This discourse of respect has echoes in the village case-studies and in Uttar Pradesh policy initiatives. Patriarchal norms - and beliefs or sexist stereotypes - are less common now and we know why.