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Abstract:

This study aims to compare the opportunities and limitations of the Belt and Road Initiative and the EU Global Gateway in Central Asia, focusing on their strategic significance, economic impact and environmental considerations.

This study adopts a comparative analysis approach and analyzes secondary data from a range of published academic articles, policy reports and official documents. The study critically examines the investment strategies, geopolitical ambitions and environmental policies associated with each initiative, using case studies from Central Asian countries to illustrate their practical implications.

This study finds that while both initiatives aim to enhance connectivity and economic development in Central Asia, they differ fundamentally in their approaches, governance models, and long-term sustainability implications for the region. Specifically, the study concluded that the Belt and Road Initiative offers substantial opportunities for infrastructure development but raises concerns about debt sustainability, environmental degradation and erosion of sovereignty. Instead, the EU's global portal promotes a more sustainable and transparent approach, emphasizing governance and environmental standards, although its effectiveness depends on substantial investment and political commitment.

The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive comparison of the Belt and Road Initiative and global gateways, particularly in the context of Central Asia, a region that is often overlooked in global development discussions. It contributes to the academic discussion by highlighting the degree of independence that Central Asian states have maintained in promoting these initiatives amid increasing geopolitical competition.

Areas of practical application of the research findings include informing policy decisions by Central Asian governments, guiding international development agencies in developing engagement strategies, and assisting investors in understanding the geopolitical and economic landscape of the region. The analysis highlights the importance of sustainable development principles and the need for a balanced approach to international investment in Central Asia.