Abstract:

Turfan-Dunhuang documents contain many religious and cultural texts, as well as many valuable historical texts in terms of social and economic history. These documents have been examined from many angles for a long time. This study examined all documents related to slavery in the Turfan-Dunhuang documents and discussed the slave trade and its cultural interactions in the Turfan basin and along the Silk Road.

Abstract:

The people of Turan have long been able to create an economic system based on the climate, natural conditions, and geographical resources. Over the centuries, this system expanded and became richer due to new industries and networks.

Significant knowledge on animal husbandry can also be found in writings from the early medieval period. Sugd's papers contain notes on the kinds of animals that were brought to the palace. Specifically, the sheep transported to the palace included purebred rams on the list. They are chosen for the purpose of breeding. Rams used for breeding are imported from various parts of the nation. It is documented that there are Tibetan and white sheep breeds among the various varieties.

According to the accounts, Turkish annalists were highly regarded for their keen knowledge not only in the palaces of their own countries but also in those of their surrounding countries. Chinese sources identify Shi Hedan (Shi Hedan dānhđdān) as one such skilled horseman. Information claims that he was born in Shahrisabz.

During the Middle Ages, donations of animals and associated equipment were significant from an economic and political standpoint. extensively employed in commerce services and military supplies. The horse was also the greatest present that a state's monarch could give another, serving as a sign of statehood. Specifically, the king of Tokharistan was said to have sent China expensive gifts, including horses and mules.

Important details regarding the social life and occupation of Turan people, particularly animal husbandry, may be discovered in a number of Arab historians' works. Important information regarding the use of animals can be found in Kufi's writings. The number and type of their upkeep are taken into consideration, particularly in taxation. Worker animals were exempt from taxes. As working animals, camels, horses, cattle, and donkeys were also employed. They were not grazed on meadows and did not develop big herds, thus they were exempt from taxes.

The traits, towns, and goods of the various Turan region regions are listed in Abu Mansur al-Saalibi's "Kitab latoif al-maarif".

Abstract:

Well-known and beloved in a vast geography spanning the Balkans and Central Asia under a variety of related names, Nasreddin Hoca is a figure featured prominently as a humorous protagonist of hundreds of short stories and anecdotes. His various iterations, particularly among the Turkic peoples, have long been regarded as important figures of national folklore and cultural heritage. Interestingly, a brief look at much of the contemporary-era academic and media publications on the character reveals a multitude of descriptive terms applied in relation to him across countries, decades and languages, including Turkish/Turkic, Islamic/Muslim, Eastern/Oriental, to name but the most common. These terms can be said of being reflective of the existing perceptions of Nasreddin across much of Eurasia, particularly with regards to the origins of his archetype, national affiliation, and even the moral assessment of the content of his anecdotes. Moreover, the terms in question may also influence how such perceptions are to be shaped further in the near future.

The present paper deals with the academic discourse on the image of Nasreddin Hoca as a figure of folklore and cultural heritage, with a particular focus on Turkey (Pertev Naili Boratav), Azerbaijan (Vilayət Quliyev) and Kazakhstan (Muhtar Äwezov). It is attempted to apply the concept of "Islamicate", coined by historian Marshall Hodgson, to the secondary literature published on Nasreddin Hoca and his various iterations in Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh and Western publications, and argue the merits and faults of applying this term and concept as an alternative to the established terminology.