Abstract:

This research project deals with the issue of housing construction of the Kazakh people in the ХІХ century. It is based on the political, economic and social factors that caused the Kazakh people to build permanent housing and move to a sedentary lifestyle. The winter cottages of the Kazakh people are considered as a form of residential construction. Historical evidence is provided that refutes the one-sided view of Russian colonizers and Soviet historians that "Kazakhs are accustomed only to a nomadic way of life". The research work is intended for a comprehensive study based on archaeological data about residential buildings built in the steppe region in the ХІХ century. In addition, to the issues of considering the types of housing construction, local building materials used in building houses, taking into account the natural climatic conditions in housing construction, the succession of generations is revealed by the discovery of sakh stands under the ruined barns of Kazakhs.

The research work is dedicated to the currently relevant issue of using the effective aspects of housing construction, which the communities that lived in the society in the past, left as a legacy to today's generations. As a result of the research, a sketch of a residential house, a barn, a model of a shed that can be built in villages, winter camps where herdsmen live, and fences are proposed.

The purpose of the study: By studying the historical data and archeological researches about the construction of houses in the Kazakh steppe in the ХІХ century, it is proven that the Kazakhs formed their own house-building culture, taking into account the natural-climate, daily lifestyle and household conditions in building winter houses.

Research objectives and methods:

1. conducting a bibliographic review of works related to the research topic

2. determination of the features of the residential houses in winter in the region and comparison of the constructions of the residential houses in the settlements of Zhidebay, Sarkyrama

3. meet scientists and architects, take an interview about Kazakh and modern houses and get their advice;

4. conduct a survey in order to identify and analyze the opinions in the society about the Kazakh architectural culture

5. using the tinkerCAD program, taking into account the advice of architect specialists, a sketch of a barn and housing construction located inside or outside the created winter quarters and a model of a shed that can be used today

Abstract:

The paper delves into studying the inequality regime in Kazakh nomadic society several decades before the assertion of Soviet power. The scholarly literature has produced a considerable amount of works on the history of tsarist colonization in Central Asia, political inequality of rights in the context of the inter-ethnical dimension between Slavic settlers and indigenous people, and the nation awakening/building process. This article will attempt to contribute to this scholarly discussion by bringing the topic of economic inequality in the study of this period, inspired by the recent intellectual works on the global history of inequality by such scholars as Thomas Piketty and Branko Milanovic. The research question is: how did the inequality regime during the late tsarist colonial period evolve? That is, how do political forces determine and ideologically justify the wealth/income inequality of local society, particularly within Kazakh nomadic society? The main argument is that Kazakh nomadic society was inegalitarian, shaped mainly by political changes at that time. The study relies on primary sources from the collection of documents (Sobranie sochinenii/ Şyğarmalar zhinağy) written by Kazakh intellectuals in both Russian and Kazakh language. Their interpretation will be a means to analyze the nature of the inequality regime.