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- Convenors:
-
Kostas Retsikas
(SOAS)
Flora Hastings (SOAS University of London)
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Short Abstract:
In light of the unprecedented circumstances we are facing, from the Covid-emergency to rapid climate change, the panel invites scholars to reflect on the methodological solutions and innovations they have introduced to their research and their implications for the conceptualisation of fieldwork.
Long Abstract:
Our post(?)-pandemic world has taken a new turn: the effects of stasis, itself embedded in lockdowns and self-isolation, work in tandem with a severe crisis enveloping multiple species and itself becoming permanent, while unravelling the structures fast-paced globalisation put in place in recent decades. Restricted or entirely stopped mobility throughout the world has been felt in heightened measures, leading scholars to radically shift how they conduct research. In this situation, anthropologists have re-imagined normative ethics and theoretical models, with the discipline's distinctive method, i.e. long-term participant observation amongst humans, shifting in form and style. With a new emphasis on human-non-human interactivity intersecting with restrictions on spatial mobility, and alongside an increased attention on the affordances digital technologies offer, the panel invites scholars to consider and reflect on the methodological solutions and innovations they have introduced, or attempted to, in their research design. Shifting our core tenets to accommodate for messier, uncertain realities could make possible for the discipline to move beyond the traditional trope of 'being there' as the dominant image of fieldwork practice. To the extent that immersive encounters with alterity are neither solely limited to belonging to the same species, nor symmetrically distributed onto the physical-digital divide, the panel would especially like to hear from PhD students and early career researchers about how their purposeful and novel staging of the event of research in the unprecedented circumstances we have been facing recently, has provided them with alternative sources of materials, reconfiguring in the process what 'fieldwork' entails.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Thursday 13 April, 2023, -Paper short abstract:
During COVID-19, hospital ethnographies were impossible, but understanding doctors’ experiences of the pandemic was key to support wellbeing and improve healthcare work. We detail use of a new ethnographic approach, MIME, to virtually ‘shadow’ doctors and co-create insight into their experiences.
Paper long abstract:
With the arrival of COVID-19 in Ireland, hospital-based ethnographies were immediately scuppered, as researchers’ hospital site-access was not only biomedically unsafe due to viral transmission risk, but ethically questionable during such intense disruption. However, it was crucial to understand COVID working experiences of Ireland’s hospital doctors, already in a strained system before the pandemic, to help advise efforts for system recovery and future preparedness. Yet how to understand the “work as done” (Shorrock 2016) of hospital doctors in the pandemic without being in the hospital?
Drawing on existing epistemologies of remote (Postill 2017), digital (Varis 2015) and proxy (Plowman 2017) ethnography, we designed Mobile Instant Messaging Ethnography as a solution to the restrictions of the pandemic on ethnographic methodology. We recruited 28 hospital doctors as ethnographic interlocutors, and spent 3 months exchanging WhatsApp messages several times a week, asking for descriptions, thoughts and feelings about work and interactions during the day. Interlocutors sent messages in and beyond work, detailing not only what they did but why it happened and how they felt. The resulting data provided a collaboratively-generated understanding of the work hospital doctors do, the institutional and professional contexts in which they do it, and the impacts on their lived experience of professional identity both within and beyond work.
In this paper, we share insights from researchers and interlocutors on undertaking MIME together, on the potential for digital technology combined with ethnographic epistemology to provide new ways of “being there” and collaboratively make meaning of lived experience.
Paper short abstract:
The covid-19 pandemic and the digitization of western societies have caused a reconfiguration of fieldwork in fields of study such as youth leisure. Using the case of an Spanish digital ethnography our experience has led us to think it is necessary to rethink "being there" in digital spaces.
Paper long abstract:
The covid-19 pandemic and the digitization of western societies have caused a reconfiguration of fieldwork in fields of study such as youth leisure. We rethink a Spanish digital ethnography with the objective to study youth identity and alcohol use in Instagram carried out in fieldwork undertaken from January to December 2021. Overall, we held 13 discussion groups, an observation period of 50 open Instagram accounts and 38 in-depth interviews of young people.
The total sample, purposive in nature, comprises 118 participants from two age groups (15-18 and 19-24 years old) and diverse profiles. Spaces, times and gaining confidence in fieldwork are some of the aspects to rethink in our experience. In relation with "spaces", due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the different types of public health restrictions it entailed, the fieldwork took place both, online and offline. We gained access to the population through snowballing, mainly using informal networks and access to the education system.
This investigation shows that Instagram fosters the spreading of an ideal model of "alcohol consumption". In our case, we had to generate new forms of online communication that could potentially establish trust relationships with our interviewees and subjects of study. Experience has led us to think that in order to gain confidence in these new online contexts where the action takes place, it is necessary to rethink "being there" since social networks become sources of data, but also research instruments in themselves.
Paper short abstract:
For my MPhil dissertation, I interacted virtually with three Muslims who drew on theological and scientific epistemologies to discern God’s decree amid the pandemic. I will describe my ‘patchwork’ research methodology consisting of online sermons, podcasts, and digital interviews.
Paper long abstract:
In the wake of Covid-19 and the radical incertitude it engendered, biomedical and epidemiological rationalities struggled to provide cures, certainty, and satisfying answers as to why a calamity of epic proportions should befall humanity. The Sunni Muslims I describe here resorted to figural imagination to understand divine decree amid this uncertainty, bringing theological knowledge to bear on the conditions of pandemic life. These Muslims searched for signs of the sublime God in observable phenomena, signs that pointed beyond the realm of human perception and toward cosmic revelation. Through these imaginative exercises, they attempted to locate divine wisdom specifically within epidemiological guidance and within broader social transformations engendered by the pandemic.
Amid lockdown measures, when new ritual innovations like live-stream worship sessions and digital religious gatherings gained traction, I drew significantly on online sermons delivered on social media or as podcast episodes. Online platforms allowed me to connect and conduct interviews with Muslims listening to these sermons. By using sermons, I took my cue from Charles Hirchkind (2006), who discusses the significance of aural media that constitute Cairo’s soundscape and shape the moral lives of its Muslim residents. Hirschkind contends that religious sermons and Quranic recitations transmitted through these media seek to cultivate affects, virtues, and comportments that enable listeners to live in accordance with God’s will. Following Hirschkind, I appraise how modes of reasoning cultivated through virtual sermons prepare ordinary Muslims to reckon with spiritual and health challenges posed by the pandemic and the ensuing restrictions on everyday life.
Paper short abstract:
If ethnography means ‘exploring the world from others’ points of view’, a pandemic might act as radical equaliser. This is discussed in a case study on digitising museum experiences, which also contributes outlooks into potential sustainable ‘outputs’ from experimental research designs.
Paper long abstract:
As global lockdowns halted everyday processes, 'alternative everydays' emerged to attract scientific intrigue. My current project derives from lacking insight into how digitising museum spaces and formats could lastingly provide access to museum experiences, possibly to other groups than established modes.
Our team experimented with new paths into museums, e.g. 360° live-stream guided tours which theoretically limited access barriers to an internet connection. Participant Observation in experiments asked I take on the role of a visitor to join the guide at the museum through my device. Thus, visitors trialled in a new way of ‘doing tour participation’ in which codes of conduct needed renegotiation. What the subsequent (online) Focus Groups and a collaboration with external evaluators brought up was striking, if not surprising: The digital infrastructure, hard and soft, which enables ‘more democratic access’ adds another layer of discrimination that extends beyond the binary of (not) having any access at all.
Herein, I ponder the pros and cons of online qualitative research alongside the new challenges faced by hybrid biases that we bring along with me as a WEIRD researcher. Moreover, the project’s invention, initially a potential tool for cultural organisations during closure times or to widen audience pools, might play a role in future research. I consider video-diary-based ethnographies '2.0': Participants can become guides into their world and showcase what’s important to them to more than one researcher at once and to an audience of those whom they want to ‘let in’ at a distance.