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- Convenors:
-
Noa Vana
(Tel Aviv University)
Yana Feldman (Ashkelon academic college)
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- Stream:
- Morality and Legality
- Sessions:
- Monday 29 March, -
Time zone: Europe/London
Short Abstract:
Few ethnographies explored the everyday life in cemeteries. We invite contributions that engage in ethical, political, social, and cultural queries in these social sites. We aim to expand the anthropological gaze and initiate a discussion that blurs the boundaries between life and death.
Long Abstract:
Anthropology considered the "end-of-life" and the relation between death, dying, and society since its earliest days (e.g., Durkheim, 1915). Places associated with death and dying have long been the focal of academic research (e.g., Sudnow, 1967). There is also a considerable body of work on cemeteries, their definition, types, purposes and uses, design, mourning behavior, and so forth (e.g., Mosse, 1991). However, there has been only a handful of scholarly work that situated its projects as ethnographies of the everyday life in cemeteries (e.g., Nielsen & Groes, 2014). We invite contributions from researchers who are interested in presenting papers that engage with cemeteries as an intersection between the dead and the living. We specifically encourage authors to submit papers that explore cemeteries as urban public spaces, cultural and political landscapes, and meeting points where the state and community share a mutual responsibility for the dead and the living. For example, we would like to ask how political, legal, and moral actions are taking place in cemeteries? How exclusion and inclusion practices in cemeteries (e.g., a burial outside the cemetery gates or in a special section) depict identity-making processes? How affect and transformation are performed in cemeteries? Etc. We aim to advance a discussion that will blur the "social line of demarcation separating the 'dead' from the 'living'" (Baudrillard, 1993, p. 127). Thus, expanding the realm of anthropological studies by asking questions regarding ethics, responsibility, exclusion, political protests, etc. in a field in which they were rarely discussed and researched.
Accepted papers:
Session 1 Monday 29 March, 2021, -Paper short abstract:
This paper examines how Chinese cemeteries simultaneously respond to state demands for loyalty to the Party and customer demands for facilitating practices of distinction, ethics and love when treating the dead.
Paper long abstract:
In China, the cemetery business is an extremely political one. Cemeteries must satisfy state regulators that threaten to limit or even shut down their businesses at the same time that they make money by appealing to wealthy customers. As various actors within the Chinese Communist Party frown upon the “superstitious” activities that often surround death, view cemeteries as unproductive land, and fear the potential political disruption that memorializing or commemorating the dead can entail, cemeteries must take great care to demonstrate their pro-Party loyalties. At the same time, the highest paying customers seek opportunities to distinguish their deceases loved ones, to demonstrate their own morality, and to ethically enact beliefs about souls, spirits, love, and the afterlife. Cemeteries respond by claiming filial piety as a form of morality supported by both people and the Party, reinforcing hierarchies of memorialization that place Party members at the top, and sacralizing the spirit of the dead without invoking their souls. This paper details examples of how this is done in cemetery architecture, artwork and publicity materials, especially those from the Fu Shou Yuan, one of the most upscale cemeteries in all of China.
Paper short abstract:
In Singapore, the state intends to destroy every cemetery but one. This paper examines politicized everyday life in a cemetery under clearance, probing responses to exhumation, from concern for loss of heritage and urban green space, to terror should destroying graves turn ancestors into ghosts.
Paper long abstract:
In Singapore, the state has announced their intention to destroy every cemetery but one. Even at the cemetery that remains, plots are guaranteed for a mere fifteen years. Each year, more bodies are exhumed than are interred and thus, little by little, the land set aside for burial shrinks. The razing of cemeteries, I argue, has become a quotidian strategy of political power. The Singaporean state is not alone in politicizing cemetery landscapes. Throughout history, corpses have been exhumed to rewrite the past, and burial places have justified redrawing national boundaries. The Singaporean example differs, however, as the bodies this state puts to use are those of ordinary people, not of political leaders or war dead. This incessant cycle of exhumation occurs not in the context of violent regime change, but as the everyday action of a stable secular state.This paper, drawing on long-term fieldwork in the Singaporean funeral industry, examines day-to-day life in a cemetery undergoing destruction. Some visitors to the cemetery come in terror, believing that digging up graves turns ancestors into ghosts. Others see the cemetery as a valuable heritage site or a green public space in a dense city. Protest against the cemetery’s clearance is muted, with incongruent perspectives narrowing into one that aligns with state discourse and excludes concern for ancestors.While cemeteries have been read as a reflection of the past, of memory materialized, here I argue, they are predictive vectors, illuminating increasingly fractured and politicized relationships between the living and the dead.
Paper short abstract:
My report focuses on the analysis of every-day life at the Novodevichy cemetery, which has become a cultural and educational site and a popular tourist destination: which actors exist in the cemetery, what is their role in the maintenance of the cemetery space, how the cemetery space is understood.
Paper long abstract:
My report focuses on the analysis of Novodevichy cemetery – Moscow necropolis, which has become a cultural and educational site and a popular tourist destination. The cemetery contains the largest number of famous people burials in Russia (the burial sites are allocated by the government only) and has a tour bureau and a souvenir shop. I conducted my research using qualitative methods: observation and go-along interviews. I will be interested in how the every-day life at the cemetery goes: which actors exist in the cemetery, what is their role in the maintenance of the cemetery space, how the cemetery space is understood within its special status. I will discuss the tourist category in detail to show some important aspects. The first is that some cemeteries in the modern world is not only becoming a touristic place but also combines several different groups of visitors in its space. I suppose that the separation of the cemetery as a memorial space and as a tourist space is not limited to one of these models, excluding the rest. I will show it by the example of a funeral situation, which I managed to witness during my fieldwork. Second, each of these groups regulates the cemetery as memory space, also in terms of their responsibility that defines their practices, but these narratives overlap and interfere with each other. These narratives, which fix the cemetery as certain memory space, are in many ways determined by the physical characteristics of the cemetery and buried status.