Paper short abstract:

The mid-1990s saw the emergence of a new model – the Triple Helix – that gained currency in various fields. The key idea of the model is that innovation growth of a knowledge society is by the cooperation of universities, governments and businesses. This paper seeks to critically analyze the model.

Paper long abstract:

The mid-1990s witnessed the emergence of a new model – the so-called Triple Helix – that soon gained currency across social sciences, public policy, industrial and education management (Jacob 2006). The major idea behind the model is that the innovation development of a knowledge-based society is largely driven by the close cooperation of universities, governments and businesses. Academia is no longer expected to play its traditional roles of “cultural memory, education and research” on their own (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff 1995) but instead should be more actively engaged in producing wealth for the public in cooperation with the industry, while the government should incentivize such activities.

Given its high popularity, this paper seeks to critically analyze the Triple Helix model applicability across nations and different contexts.