Paper short abstract:

Mormonism in Oceania adds unique controversies and adaptations in Kava use among Tongans. Kava reflects conflict and exchange between Indigenous spirituality and Christianity. This paper draws from ethnographic research demonstrating the continuing process of negotiating these identities today.

Paper long abstract:

Futa Helu (1993) explained that changes in Tongan society were observable through the variety of Kava practices in the Kingdom of Tonga. Considering Kava sites as a gendered microcosm of Tongan society and communities abroad, it is a significant area to observe shifting states of mind, belief, and politic. Drawing from multi-sited ethnographic research in Kava circles primarily amongst diaspora populations, the tensions and adaptations of Indigenous and religious identities are investigated. Early negotiations between Christian and Tongan beliefs are paralleled today within a spectrum of tensions, practicalities, and convictions in joining or remaining in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons/LDS). The continued waves of Mormon evangelism in Oceania adds unique controversy and adaptations around Kava use. It is argued that Kava is a site of both conflict and exchange between Indigenous spirituality tied to ancestral place and Christianity that is continually being re-lived and mediated among participants and observers today.