Paper short abstract:

This paper explores the archaeology of an ilihan in northern Mindanao, Philippines. Ilihan translates to a ‘natural fortress’ and historical accounts often describe it in terms of its defensive properties. This study though looks at other possible uses of the site based on excavations in 2014.

Paper long abstract:

This paper explores the archaeology of an ilihan in Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines. In various Philippine languages, ili or ilihan roughly translates to a raised 'natural fortress'. Historical accounts usually describe the ilihan in terms of its defensive properties. This investigation though looks at other possible uses and human activities in a particular ilihan in the town of Initao. Ethnographic interviews and archaeological material culture gives further insights into living in this site. Excavations in 2014 yielded various animal remains, tradeware pottery, shell ornaments and lithics that provide a glimpse into such lifeways.