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Short Abstract

Citizen science biodiversity data are vital but unevenly distributed across time. Using records of six Iberian tree species, we show observations increase on weekends and mild spring days, while extreme weather reduces activity. Recognizing these patterns improves ecological research and monitoring.

Abstract

Citizen science biodiversity data have become increasingly important for ecological research, conservation, and long-term monitoring. However, the flow of records is not uniform: some days accumulate many observations, while others contribute very few. This temporal variability, influenced by environmental and social factors, can introduce biases that complicate the use of citizen science data for studying population trends. In this study, we investigated which factors influence the number of observations submitted by citizen scientists throughout the year. We focused on six tree species native to the Iberian Peninsula that maintain a relatively constant appearance across seasons, thus minimizing phenological cues as drivers of recording effort. Observation data was obtained from the iNaturalist/BioDiversity4All platform. We then examined how variables such as day of the week, month, public holidays, temperature, rainfall, wind, and snow affect recording activity. Our results show clear patterns: citizen scientists are more active on weekends, during spring, and under mild weather conditions. In contrast, very hot or cold days, as well as days with heavy rain or strong winds, are associated with fewer records. Public holidays and snowfall appear to exert little influence. By identifying these patterns, we can better account for potential biases and enhance the reliability of citizen science datasets. Recognizing that recording activity follows predictable social and seasonal dynamics allows for more accurate interpretation and application of citizen-generated biodiversity data in ecological research and monitoring programs.