Paper long abstract:

Hacktivism in Serbia begun with Internet campaign during NATO intervention in 1999, and during first decade of 21st century usually took form of patriotic hacking. Namely, there have been at least three waves of clashes between Croatian, Serbian, and Albanian hackers (although this term is quite disputable, both on general level and for the purposes of this particular research) - in 2005, 2008 and 2010. These clashes manifested in series of website defacings, followed by, sometimes very heated, debate on Internet forums and chat rooms.

While such regional "cyber battles" still occur, although sporadically, in 2011 there was significant turn of focus among Serbian hackers and hacktivist towards internal political disputes. There were many defacing incidents, as well as full-fledged politically motivated campaign by "John The Ripper", and emergence of the first self-proclaimed hacktivist group (Hacktivist popular movement).

Lately, other new trends emerge - increased use of social networks, predominantly Facebook and Twitter, and cooperation with, or at least "franchising" of, international groups, movements and strategies, such as Anonymous, 99% , Wikileaks etc. There are also new actors, first of all political parties who are just now catching up with potential benefits of social media use. However, political and social impact of hacktivist attacks and campaigns is still very limited.