Paper long abstract:

Detention and deportation constitute a cornerstone of EU policies (cassarino.2010,al.2020).Tunisia is among the first countries targeted by the EU and it is member states through externalization policies aimed at metaphorically shifting their borders outside EU territory, following the entry into force of the Schengen agreement (Cuttita,2019). regarding returns and forced returns ,Italy stands out with seven readmission agreement since 1998,with the most recent one concluded in July 2023.consequently ,Tunisia has become the first countries for deportees from Italy (FTDES).this situation has led to violation of human rights,as many scholars,and activists report troubling conditions in détention center and the tragic experience of immigrants.they are often subjected to extensive use of psychiatric medication to keep them" calm" and quiet before deportation (inkyfada,AltreEconomia,FTDES...)it should be Noted that the actual number of deportees as well as migrants is not accurately known and cannot be calculated in a scientific and reliable manner, especially given the lack of transparency,most the deportation operations occur through Enfidha airport rather than Tunis Carthage, keeping them away from the scrutiny of civil society the latter become more and more targeted by the authority.therefore our research focus on this specific category of people,our goal is to comprehend the challenges these individuals face after deportation and identity the key actors who played a role in their journey to overcome theses challenges .this align with soulroutes project , which mainly interested to grassroots solidarity and multifarious set of actors and practices that support migrants in different border zones such as Tunisa .