Paper short abstract:

This presentation focuses on Elizabeth Gray Vining, an American Quaker, who was employed as tutor to the crown prince (current Emperor Akihito) between 1946 and1950. In particular, it examines Vining's work in connection with instrumental uses of Christianity during the American occupation of Japan.

Paper long abstract:

This presentation focuses on Elizabeth Gray Vining, a widowed American Quaker in her 40s, who was employed as tutor to the crown prince (current Emperor Akihito) for four years (1946-1950). In particular, the presentation will examine Vining's work in connection with instrumental uses of Christianity during the period of the American occupation of Japan. On the American side, General MacArthur articulated his desire to see conversions of the Japanese, including members of the imperial family, despite the official policy of separation of religion and state. The Japanese side made tactical use of intimations of interest and possible conversions in the imperial house as one means of protecting the Showa emperor from prosecution at the war tribunal. Association of the emperor with Christianity invited association with innocence, pacifism and enlightened thinking. Vining's appointment itself contributed to the impression that the imperial family was receptive to Christianity. The presentation will review the context of Christianity in the imperial house before considering expectations on the Japanese and American sides for Vining's work. Vining's own goals will be examined in tandem with how she was presented in the Japanese and American press. The picture that emerges of Vining is of an independent-minded tutor who felt she was setting her own agenda for the content of her teaching and any lessons on or discussion of morals and Christianity. However, it can be seen that Vining did enhance the emperor's image. Vining's story shows how the Japanese could work to achieve their goals through subtle maneuvering.