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Paper short abstract:

This paper aims to explore transnational advocacy that mobilizes global norms and standards aimed at enhancing energy justice and promoting responsible mining practices. This exploration is particularly relevant in the context of the current mining rush dedicated to producing EV battery.

Paper long abstract:

Nickel is a crucial material for electric vehicle battery, and Indonesia, possessing the world's largest nickel reserves, aims to become a dominant force in global nickel production, targeting 50% of the market by 2024. This ambition has led to a significant increase in nickel production, often at the expense of labour rights, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Reports indicate widespread violations of labour rights, land appropriation, and forced displacements associated with nickel mining and smelting operations. Additionally, there is considerable evidence of environmental degradation and threats to biodiversity linked to these activities. This situation has unfolded alongside a strong central government push for resource nationalism, which has limited community and local government involvement while easing certain environmental regulations.

In response to these challenges, transnational advocacy networks—including NGOs, car producers and consumers—are working to bridge local and global efforts to promote energy justice and ensure responsible and sustainable nickel mining practices. These efforts advocate for compliance with global standards such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Electric vehicle manufacturers and global consumers are also pressuring mining companies to adhere to the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA).

The effectiveness of this transnational advocacy remains uncertain. It raises critical questions about whether such efforts can compel mining companies to prioritize ethical practices in order to gain acceptance in international markets while also providing local communities with avenues for advocacy and rights claims.