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Abstract

Since gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has undergone far-reaching political, economic, and social transformations. While often portrayed as a model of gradual modernization and stability in the post-Soviet space, Kazakhstan’s transition raises important questions about the nature of reform and governance under authoritarian conditions. This contribution applies Antonio Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution to analyse Kazakhstan’s state-led reform trajectory. Rather than representing a clear rupture with the Soviet past or a linear movement toward democratization, Kazakhstan’s development is examined as a process of controlled adaptation, in which top-down reforms have been selectively introduced to preserve existing power structures while managing societal change. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples -including recent institutional reforms and episodes of social unrest - the paper argues that Kazakhstan’s political evolution reflects a strategy of pre-emptive change designed to contain disruption and maintain elite continuity. The analysis contributes to broader debates on state-led modernization and elite-driven reform in post-Soviet and authoritarian contexts.