Paper short abstract:

This paper demonstrates how caste-based mobilization challenges building political consciousness and democratic reconfiguration in India through a case study transforming the political economy and caste consciousness of middle castes in Maharashtra, India.

Paper long abstract:

The middle castes in India have historically faced accusations of colluding with Hindutva forces and passively submitting to the Brahmins' religious dominance, despite not gaining equivalent benefits and remaining in subordinate positions. Contrary to the notion of passive acceptance, this study contends that Brahminical religious dominance has consistently faced challenges from middle castes, who have strategically tailored their responses to align with their own needs and interests. This research examines Pattankodoli village in Maharashtra, India, highlighting how middle castes have sought alternative religious and economic institutions to contest Brahminical (upper caste) hegemony. Their adaptability to changing circumstances is notable. In a post-colonial, post-liberalization context, these groups pursue identity-based politics for recognition and redistribution, reflecting Nancy Fraser's notion of ‘Neoliberal Progressivism.’

This paper analyzes the influences and conflicts among middle, lower, and upper castes in Maharashtra, examining their evolving caste consciousness within the changing political economy, especially focusing on contestation and adaptability. Furthermore, the paper investigates the intricate complexities of Hindu nationalism in light of the background provided. In this context, this paper seeks to analyze why, despite a growing dissatisfaction with representative politics in India and waning support for Modi’s BJP, the consciousness of the middle caste remains focused on caste identity and why this focus has not led to a broader transformation in political Consciousness. This paper seeks to demonstrate that caste-based mobilization poses significant challenges to the broader processes of democratic reconfiguration in India.